# VictoriaMetrics

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VictoriaMetrics is a fast, cost-effective and scalable monitoring solution and time series database.
See [case studies for VictoriaMetrics](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/casestudies/).

VictoriaMetrics is available in [binary releases](https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/releases/latest),
[Docker images](https://hub.docker.com/r/victoriametrics/victoria-metrics/), [Snap packages](https://snapcraft.io/victoriametrics)
and [source code](https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics). 

Documentation for the cluster version of VictoriaMetrics is available [here](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/cluster-victoriametrics/).

Learn more about [key concepts](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyconcepts/) of VictoriaMetrics and follow the 
[quick start guide](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/quick-start/) for a better experience.

If you have questions about VictoriaMetrics, then feel free asking them in the [VictoriaMetrics community Slack chat](https://victoriametrics.slack.com/),
you can join it via [Slack Inviter](https://slack.victoriametrics.com/).

[Contact us](mailto:info@victoriametrics.com) if you need enterprise support for VictoriaMetrics.
See [features available in enterprise package](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/enterprise/).
Enterprise binaries can be downloaded and evaluated for free
from [the releases page](https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/releases/latest).
You can also [request a free trial license](https://victoriametrics.com/products/enterprise/trial/).

VictoriaMetrics is developed at a fast pace, so it is recommended to check the [CHANGELOG](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/changelog/) periodically,
and to perform [regular upgrades](#how-to-upgrade-victoriametrics).

[VictoriaMetrics enterprise](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/enterprise/) provides long-term support lines of releases (LTS releases) -
see [these docs](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/lts-releases/).

VictoriaMetrics has achieved security certifications for Database Software Development and Software-Based Monitoring Services.
We apply strict security measures in everything we do. See [Security page](https://victoriametrics.com/security/) for more details.

## Prominent features

VictoriaMetrics has the following prominent features:

* It can be used as long-term storage for Prometheus. See [these docs](#prometheus-setup) for details.
* It can be used as a drop-in replacement for Prometheus in Grafana, because it supports the [Prometheus querying API](#prometheus-querying-api-usage).
* It can be used as a drop-in replacement for Graphite in Grafana, because it supports the [Graphite API](#graphite-api-usage).
  VictoriaMetrics allows reducing infrastructure costs by more than 10x comparing to Graphite - see [this case study](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/casestudies/#grammarly).
* It is easy to setup and operate:
  * VictoriaMetrics consists of a single [small executable](https://medium.com/@valyala/stripping-dependency-bloat-in-victoriametrics-docker-image-983fb5912b0d)
    without external dependencies.
  * All the configuration is done via explicit command-line flags with reasonable defaults.
  * All the data is stored in a single directory specified by the `-storageDataPath` command-line flag.
  * Easy and fast backups from [instant snapshots](https://medium.com/@valyala/how-victoriametrics-makes-instant-snapshots-for-multi-terabyte-time-series-data-e1f3fb0e0282)
    can be done with [vmbackup](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmbackup/) / [vmrestore](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmrestore/) tools.
    See [this article](https://medium.com/@valyala/speeding-up-backups-for-big-time-series-databases-533c1a927883) for more details.
* It implements a PromQL-like query language - [MetricsQL](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/metricsql/), which provides improved functionality on top of PromQL.
* It provides a global query view. Multiple Prometheus instances or any other data sources may ingest data into VictoriaMetrics. Later this data may be queried via a single query.
* It provides high performance and good vertical and horizontal scalability for both
  [data ingestion](https://medium.com/@valyala/high-cardinality-tsdb-benchmarks-victoriametrics-vs-timescaledb-vs-influxdb-13e6ee64dd6b)
  and [data querying](https://medium.com/@valyala/when-size-matters-benchmarking-victoriametrics-vs-timescale-and-influxdb-6035811952d4).
  It [outperforms InfluxDB and TimescaleDB by up to 20x](https://medium.com/@valyala/measuring-vertical-scalability-for-time-series-databases-in-google-cloud-92550d78d8ae).
* It [uses 10x less RAM than InfluxDB](https://medium.com/@valyala/insert-benchmarks-with-inch-influxdb-vs-victoriametrics-e31a41ae2893)
  and [up to 7x less RAM than Prometheus, Thanos or Cortex](https://valyala.medium.com/prometheus-vs-victoriametrics-benchmark-on-node-exporter-metrics-4ca29c75590f)
  when dealing with millions of unique time series (aka [high cardinality](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/faq/#what-is-high-cardinality)).
* It is optimized for time series with [high churn rate](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/faq/#what-is-high-churn-rate).
* It provides high data compression: up to 70x more data points may be stored into limited storage compared with TimescaleDB
  according to [these benchmarks](https://medium.com/@valyala/when-size-matters-benchmarking-victoriametrics-vs-timescale-and-influxdb-6035811952d4),
  and up to 7x less storage space is required compared to Prometheus, Thanos or Cortex.
  according to [this benchmark](https://valyala.medium.com/prometheus-vs-victoriametrics-benchmark-on-node-exporter-metrics-4ca29c75590f).
* It is optimized for storage with high-latency IO and low IOPS (HDD and network storage in AWS, Google Cloud, Microsoft Azure, etc).
  See [disk IO graphs from these benchmarks](https://medium.com/@valyala/high-cardinality-tsdb-benchmarks-victoriametrics-vs-timescaledb-vs-influxdb-13e6ee64dd6b).
* A single-node VictoriaMetrics may substitute moderately sized clusters built with competing solutions such as Thanos, M3DB, Cortex, InfluxDB or TimescaleDB.
  See [vertical scalability benchmarks](https://medium.com/@valyala/measuring-vertical-scalability-for-time-series-databases-in-google-cloud-92550d78d8ae),
  [comparing Thanos to VictoriaMetrics cluster](https://medium.com/@valyala/comparing-thanos-to-victoriametrics-cluster-b193bea1683)
  and [Remote Write Storage Wars](https://promcon.io/2019-munich/talks/remote-write-storage-wars/) talk
  from [PromCon 2019](https://promcon.io/2019-munich/talks/remote-write-storage-wars/).
* It protects the storage from data corruption on unclean shutdown (i.e. OOM, hardware reset or `kill -9`) thanks to
  [the storage architecture](https://medium.com/@valyala/how-victoriametrics-makes-instant-snapshots-for-multi-terabyte-time-series-data-e1f3fb0e0282).
* It supports metrics scraping, ingestion and [backfilling](#backfilling) via the following protocols:
  * [Metrics scraping from Prometheus exporters](#how-to-scrape-prometheus-exporters-such-as-node-exporter).
  * [Prometheus remote write API](#prometheus-setup).
  * [Prometheus exposition format](#how-to-import-data-in-prometheus-exposition-format).
  * [InfluxDB line protocol](#how-to-send-data-from-influxdb-compatible-agents-such-as-telegraf) over HTTP, TCP and UDP.
  * [Graphite plaintext protocol](#how-to-send-data-from-graphite-compatible-agents-such-as-statsd) with [tags](https://graphite.readthedocs.io/en/latest/tags.html#carbon).
  * [OpenTSDB put message](#sending-data-via-telnet-put-protocol).
  * [HTTP OpenTSDB /api/put requests](#sending-opentsdb-data-via-http-apiput-requests).
  * [JSON line format](#how-to-import-data-in-json-line-format).
  * [Arbitrary CSV data](#how-to-import-csv-data).
  * [Native binary format](#how-to-import-data-in-native-format).
  * [DataDog agent or DogStatsD](#how-to-send-data-from-datadog-agent).
  * [NewRelic infrastructure agent](#how-to-send-data-from-newrelic-agent).
  * [OpenTelemetry metrics format](#sending-data-via-opentelemetry).
* It supports powerful [stream aggregation](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/stream-aggregation/), which can be used as a [statsd](https://github.com/statsd/statsd) alternative.
* It supports metrics [relabeling](#relabeling).
* It can deal with [high cardinality issues](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/faq/#what-is-high-cardinality) and
  [high churn rate](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/faq/#what-is-high-churn-rate) issues via [series limiter](#cardinality-limiter).
* It ideally works with big amounts of time series data from APM, Kubernetes, IoT sensors, connected cars, industrial telemetry, financial data
  and various [Enterprise workloads](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/enterprise/).
* It has an open source [cluster version](https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/tree/cluster).
* It can store data on [NFS-based storages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_File_System) such as [Amazon EFS](https://aws.amazon.com/efs/)
  and [Google Filestore](https://cloud.google.com/filestore).

See [case studies for VictoriaMetrics](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/casestudies/) and [various Articles about VictoriaMetrics](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/articles/).

## Components

VictoriaMetrics ecosystem contains the following components additionally to [single-node VictoriaMetrics](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/):

- [vmagent](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmagent/) - lightweight agent for receiving metrics via [pull-based](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmagent/#how-to-collect-metrics-in-prometheus-format)
  and [push-based](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmagent/#how-to-push-data-to-vmagent) protocols, transforming and sending them to the configured Prometheus-compatible
  remote storage systems such as VictoriaMetrics.
- [vmalert](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmalert/) - a service for processing Prometheus-compatible alerting and recording rules.
- [vmalert-tool](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmalert-tool/) -  a tool for validating alerting and recording rules.
- [vmauth](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmauth/) - authorization proxy and load balancer optimized for VictoriaMetrics products.
- [vmgateway](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmgateway/) - authorization proxy with per-[tenant](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/cluster-victoriametrics/#multitenancy) rate limiting cababilities.
- [vmctl](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmctl/) - a tool for migrating and copying data between different storage systems for metrics.
- [vmbackup](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmbackup/), [vmrestore](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmrestore/) and [vmbackupmanager](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmbackupmanager/) -
  tools for creating backups and restoring from backups for VictoriaMetrics data.
- `vminsert`, `vmselect` and `vmstorage` - components of [VictoriaMetrics cluster](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/cluster-victoriametrics/).
- [VictoriaLogs](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/VictoriaLogs/) - user-friendly cost-efficient database for logs.

## Operation

### Install

To quickly try VictoriaMetrics, just download the [VictoriaMetrics executable](https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/releases/latest)
or [Docker image](https://hub.docker.com/r/victoriametrics/victoria-metrics/) and start it with the desired command-line flags.
See also [QuickStart guide](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/quick-start/) for additional information.

VictoriaMetrics can also be installed via these installation methods:

* [Helm charts for single-node and cluster versions of VictoriaMetrics](https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/helm-charts).
* [Kubernetes operator for VictoriaMetrics](https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/operator).
* [Ansible role for installing cluster VictoriaMetrics (by VictoriaMetrics)](https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/ansible-playbooks).
* [Ansible role for installing cluster VictoriaMetrics (by community)](https://github.com/Slapper/ansible-victoriametrics-cluster-role).
* [Ansible role for installing single-node VictoriaMetrics (by community)](https://github.com/dreamteam-gg/ansible-victoriametrics-role).
* [Snap package for VictoriaMetrics](https://snapcraft.io/victoriametrics).

### How to start VictoriaMetrics

The following command-line flags are used the most:

* `-storageDataPath` - VictoriaMetrics stores all the data in this directory. The default path is `victoria-metrics-data` in the current working directory.
* `-retentionPeriod` - retention for stored data. Older data is automatically deleted. Default retention is 1 month (31 days). The minimum retention period is 24h or 1d. See [these docs](#retention) for more details.

Other flags have good enough default values, so set them only if you really need to. Pass `-help` to see [all the available flags with description and default values](#list-of-command-line-flags).

The following docs may be useful during initial VictoriaMetrics setup:
* [How to set up scraping of Prometheus-compatible targets](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/#how-to-scrape-prometheus-exporters-such-as-node-exporter)
* [How to ingest data to VictoriaMetrics](#how-to-import-time-series-data)
* [How to set up Prometheus to write data to VictoriaMetrics](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/#prometheus-setup)
* [How to query VictoriaMetrics via Grafana](#grafana-setup)
* [How to query VictoriaMetrics via Graphite API](#graphite-api-usage)
* [How to handle alerts](#alerting)

VictoriaMetrics accepts [Prometheus querying API requests](#prometheus-querying-api-usage) on port `8428` by default.

It is recommended setting up [monitoring](#monitoring) for VictoriaMetrics.

### Environment variables

All the VictoriaMetrics components allow referring environment variables in `yaml` configuration files (such as `-promscrape.config`)
and in command-line flags via `%{ENV_VAR}` syntax.
For example, `-metricsAuthKey=%{METRICS_AUTH_KEY}` is automatically expanded to `-metricsAuthKey=top-secret`
if `METRICS_AUTH_KEY=top-secret` environment variable exists at VictoriaMetrics startup.
This expansion is performed by VictoriaMetrics itself.

VictoriaMetrics recursively expands `%{ENV_VAR}` references in environment variables on startup.
For example, `FOO=%{BAR}` environment variable is expanded to `FOO=abc` if `BAR=a%{BAZ}` and `BAZ=bc`.

Additionally, all the VictoriaMetrics components allow setting flag values via environment variables according to these rules:

* The `-envflag.enable` flag must be set.
* Each `.` char in flag name must be substituted with `_` (for example `-insert.maxQueueDuration <duration>` will translate to `insert_maxQueueDuration=<duration>`).
* For repeating flags an alternative syntax can be used by joining the different values into one using `,` char as separator (for example `-storageNode <nodeA> -storageNode <nodeB>` will translate to `storageNode=<nodeA>,<nodeB>`).
* Environment var prefix can be set via `-envflag.prefix` flag. For instance, if `-envflag.prefix=VM_`, then env vars must be prepended with `VM_`.

### Configuration with snap package

Snap package for VictoriaMetrics is available [here](https://snapcraft.io/victoriametrics).

Command-line flags for Snap package can be set with following command:

```sh
echo 'FLAGS="-selfScrapeInterval=10s -search.logSlowQueryDuration=20s"' > $SNAP_DATA/var/snap/victoriametrics/current/extra_flags
snap restart victoriametrics
```

Do not change value for `-storageDataPath` flag, because snap package has limited access to host filesystem.

Changing scrape configuration is possible with text editor:

```sh
vi $SNAP_DATA/var/snap/victoriametrics/current/etc/victoriametrics-scrape-config.yaml
```

After changes were made, trigger config re-read with the command `curl 127.0.0.1:8428/-/reload`.

### Running as Windows service

In order to run VictoriaMetrics as a Windows service it is required to create a service configuration for [WinSW](https://github.com/winsw/winsw)
and then install it as a service according to the following guide:

1. Create a service configuration:

    ```xml
    <service>
      <id>VictoriaMetrics</id>
      <name>VictoriaMetrics</name>
      <description>VictoriaMetrics</description>
      <executable>%BASE%\victoria-metrics-windows-amd64-prod.exe"</executable>

      <onfailure action="restart" delay="10 sec"/>
      <onfailure action="restart" delay="20 sec"/>

      <resetfailure>1 hour</resetfailure>

      <arguments>-envflag.enable</arguments>

      <priority>Normal</priority>

      <stoptimeout>15 sec</stoptimeout>

      <stopparentprocessfirst>true</stopparentprocessfirst>
        <startmode>Automatic</startmode>
        <waithint>15 sec</waithint>
        <sleeptime>1 sec</sleeptime>

      <logpath>%BASE%\logs</logpath>
      <log mode="roll">
        <sizeThreshold>10240</sizeThreshold>
        <keepFiles>8</keepFiles>
      </log>

      <env name="loggerFormat" value="json" />
      <env name="loggerOutput" value="stderr" />
      <env name="promscrape_config" value="C:\Program Files\victoria-metrics\promscrape.yml" />

    </service>
    ```

1. Install WinSW by following this [documentation](https://github.com/winsw/winsw#download).

1. Install VictoriaMetrics as a service by running the following from elevated PowerShell:

    ```sh
    winsw install VictoriaMetrics.xml
    Get-Service VictoriaMetrics | Start-Service
    ```

See [this issue](https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/issues/3781) for more details.


## Prometheus setup

Add the following lines to Prometheus config file (it is usually located at `/etc/prometheus/prometheus.yml`) in order to send data to VictoriaMetrics:


```yaml
remote_write:
  - url: http://<victoriametrics-addr>:8428/api/v1/write
```


Substitute `<victoriametrics-addr>` with hostname or IP address of VictoriaMetrics.
Then apply new config via the following command:


```sh
kill -HUP `pidof prometheus`
```


Prometheus writes incoming data to local storage and replicates it to remote storage in parallel.
This means that data remains available in local storage for `--storage.tsdb.retention.time` duration
even if remote storage is unavailable.

If you plan sending data to VictoriaMetrics from multiple Prometheus instances, then add the following lines into `global` section
of [Prometheus config](https://prometheus.io/docs/prometheus/latest/configuration/configuration/#configuration-file):

```yaml
global:
  external_labels:
    datacenter: dc-123
```

This instructs Prometheus to add `datacenter=dc-123` label to each sample before sending it to remote storage.
The label name can be arbitrary - `datacenter` is just an example. The label value must be unique
across Prometheus instances, so time series could be filtered and grouped by this label.

For highly loaded Prometheus instances (200k+ samples per second) the following tuning may be applied:


```yaml
remote_write:
  - url: http://<victoriametrics-addr>:8428/api/v1/write
    queue_config:
      max_samples_per_send: 10000
      capacity: 20000
      max_shards: 30
```


Using remote write increases memory usage for Prometheus by up to ~25%. If you are experiencing issues with
too high memory consumption of Prometheus, then try to lower `max_samples_per_send` and `capacity` params. 
Keep in mind that these two params are tightly connected.
Read more about tuning remote write for Prometheus [here](https://prometheus.io/docs/practices/remote_write).

It is recommended upgrading Prometheus to [v2.12.0](https://github.com/prometheus/prometheus/releases/latest) or newer,
since previous versions may have issues with `remote_write`.

Take a look also at [vmagent](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmagent/)
and [vmalert](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmalert/),
which can be used as faster and less resource-hungry alternative to Prometheus.

## Grafana setup

Create [Prometheus datasource](https://grafana.com/docs/grafana/latest/datasources/prometheus/configure-prometheus-data-source/) 
in Grafana with the following url:

```url
http://<victoriametrics-addr>:8428
```

Substitute `<victoriametrics-addr>` with the hostname or IP address of VictoriaMetrics.

In the "Type and version" section it is recommended to set the type to "Prometheus" and the version to at least "2.24.x":

<img src="docs/grafana-datasource-prometheus.webp" alt="Grafana datasource" />

This allows Grafana to use a more efficient API to get label values.

Then build graphs and dashboards for the created datasource using [PromQL](https://prometheus.io/docs/prometheus/latest/querying/basics/)
or [MetricsQL](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/metricsql/).

Alternatively, use VictoriaMetrics [datasource plugin](https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/grafana-datasource) with support of extra features. 
See more in [description](https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/grafana-datasource#victoriametrics-data-source-for-grafana).

Creating a datasource may require [specific permissions](https://grafana.com/docs/grafana/latest/administration/data-source-management/).
If you don't see an option to create a data source - try contacting system administrator.

Grafana playground is available for viewing at our [sandbox](https://play-grafana.victoriametrics.com).

## How to upgrade VictoriaMetrics

VictoriaMetrics is developed at a fast pace, so it is recommended periodically checking [the CHANGELOG page](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/changelog/) and performing regular upgrades.

It is safe upgrading VictoriaMetrics to new versions unless [release notes](https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/releases/latest) say otherwise.
It is safe skipping multiple versions during the upgrade unless [release notes](https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/releases/latest) say otherwise.
It is recommended performing regular upgrades to the latest version, since it may contain important bug fixes, performance optimizations or new features.

It is also safe downgrading to older versions unless [release notes](https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/releases/latest) say otherwise.

The following steps must be performed during the upgrade / downgrade procedure:

* Send `SIGINT` signal to VictoriaMetrics process in order to gracefully stop it. See [how to send signals to processes](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/33239959/send-signal-to-process-from-command-line).
* Wait until the process stops. This can take a few seconds.
* Start the upgraded VictoriaMetrics.

Prometheus doesn't drop data during VictoriaMetrics restart. See [this article](https://grafana.com/blog/2019/03/25/whats-new-in-prometheus-2.8-wal-based-remote-write/) for details. The same applies also to [vmagent](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmagent/).

## vmui

VictoriaMetrics provides UI for query troubleshooting and exploration. The UI is available at `http://victoriametrics:8428/vmui` 
(or at `http://<vmselect>:8481/select/<accountID>/vmui/` in [cluster version of VictoriaMetrics](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/cluster-victoriametrics/)).
The UI allows exploring query results via graphs and tables. It also provides the following features:

- Explore:
  - [Metrics explorer](#metrics-explorer) - automatically builds graphs for selected metrics; 
  - [Cardinality explorer](#cardinality-explorer) - stats about existing metrics in TSDB;
  - [Top queries](#top-queries) - shows most frequently executed queries;
  - [Active queries](#active-queries) - shows currently executed queries;
- Tools:
  - [Trace analyzer](#query-tracing) - playground for loading query traces in JSON format; 
  - [Query analyzer](#query-tracing) - playground for loading query results and traces in JSON format. See `Export query` button below;  
  - [WITH expressions playground](https://play.victoriametrics.com/select/accounting/1/6a716b0f-38bc-4856-90ce-448fd713e3fe/prometheus/graph/#/expand-with-exprs) - test how WITH expressions work; 
  - [Metric relabel debugger](https://play.victoriametrics.com/select/accounting/1/6a716b0f-38bc-4856-90ce-448fd713e3fe/prometheus/graph/#/relabeling) - playground for [relabeling](#relabeling) configs.

VMUI provides auto-completion for [MetricsQL](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/metricsql/) functions, metric names, label names and label values. The auto-completion can be enabled
by checking the `Autocomplete` toggle. When the auto-completion is disabled, it can still be triggered for the current cursor position by pressing `ctrl+space`.

VMUI automatically switches from graph view to heatmap view when the query returns [histogram](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyconcepts/#histogram) buckets
(both [Prometheus histograms](https://prometheus.io/docs/concepts/metric_types/#histogram)
and [VictoriaMetrics histograms](https://valyala.medium.com/improving-histogram-usability-for-prometheus-and-grafana-bc7e5df0e350) are supported).
Try, for example, [this query](https://play.victoriametrics.com/select/accounting/1/6a716b0f-38bc-4856-90ce-448fd713e3fe/prometheus/graph/#/?g0.expr=sum%28rate%28vm_promscrape_scrape_duration_seconds_bucket%29%29+by+%28vmrange%29&g0.range_input=24h&g0.end_input=2023-04-10T17%3A46%3A12&g0.relative_time=last_24_hours&g0.step_input=31m).

Graphs in `vmui` support scrolling and zooming:

* Select the needed time range on the graph in order to zoom in into the selected time range. Hold `ctrl` (or `cmd` on MacOS) and scroll down in order to zoom out.
* Hold `ctrl` (or `cmd` on MacOS) and scroll up in order to zoom in the area under cursor.
* Hold `ctrl` (or `cmd` on MacOS) and drag the graph to the left / right in order to move the displayed time range into the future / past.

Query history can be navigated by holding `Ctrl` (or `Cmd` on MacOS) and pressing `up` or `down` arrows on the keyboard while the cursor is located in the query input field.

Multi-line queries can be entered by pressing `Shift-Enter` in query input field.

When querying the [backfilled data](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/#backfilling)
or during [query troubleshooting](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/troubleshooting/#unexpected-query-results),
it may be useful disabling response cache by clicking `Disable cache` checkbox.

VMUI automatically adjusts the interval between datapoints on the graph depending on the horizontal resolution and on the selected time range.
The step value can be customized by changing `Step value` input.

VMUI allows investigating correlations between multiple queries on the same graph. Just click `Add Query` button,
enter an additional query in the newly appeared input field and press `Enter`.
Results for all the queries are displayed simultaneously on the same graph.
Graphs for a particular query can be temporarily hidden by clicking the `eye` icon on the right side of the input field.
When the `eye` icon is clicked while holding the `ctrl` key, then query results for the rest of queries become hidden
except of the current query results.

VMUI allows sharing query and [trace](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/#query-tracing) results by clicking on
`Export query` button in top right corner of the graph area. The query and trace will be exported as a file that later
can be loaded in VMUI via `Query Analyzer` tool.

See the [example VMUI at VictoriaMetrics playground](https://play.victoriametrics.com/select/accounting/1/6a716b0f-38bc-4856-90ce-448fd713e3fe/prometheus/graph/?g0.expr=100%20*%20sum(rate(process_cpu_seconds_total))%20by%20(job)&g0.range_input=1d).

## Top queries

[VMUI](#vmui) provides `top queries` tab, which can help determining the following query types:

* the most frequently executed queries;
* queries with the biggest average execution duration;
* queries that took the most summary time for execution.

This information is obtained from the `/api/v1/status/top_queries` HTTP endpoint.

## Active queries

[VMUI](#vmui) provides `active queries` tab, which shows currently execute queries.
It provides the following information per each query:

- The query itself, together with the time range and step args passed to [/api/v1/query_range](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyconcepts/#range-query).
- The duration of the query execution.
- The client address, who initiated the query execution.

This information is obtained from the `/api/v1/status/active_queries` HTTP endpoint.

## Metrics explorer

[VMUI](#vmui) provides an ability to explore metrics exported by a particular `job` / `instance` in the following way:

1. Open the `vmui` at `http://victoriametrics:8428/vmui/`.
1. Click the `Explore Prometheus metrics` tab.
1. Select the `job` you want to explore.
1. Optionally select the `instance` for the selected job to explore.
1. Select metrics you want to explore and compare.

It is possible to change the selected time range for the graphs in the top right corner.

## Cardinality explorer

VictoriaMetrics provides an ability to explore time series cardinality at `Explore cardinality` tab in [vmui](#vmui) in the following ways:

- To identify metric names with the highest number of series.
- To identify labels with the highest number of series.
- To identify values with the highest number of series for the selected label (aka `focusLabel`).
- To identify label=name pairs with the highest number of series.
- To identify labels with the highest number of unique values.
  Note that [cluster version of VictoriaMetrics](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/cluster-victoriametrics/)
  may show lower than expected number of unique label values for labels with small number of unique values.
  This is because of [implementation limits](https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/blob/5a6e617b5e41c9170e7c562aecd15ee0c901d489/app/vmselect/netstorage/netstorage.go#L1039-L1045).

By default, cardinality explorer analyzes time series for the current date. It provides the ability to select different day at the top right corner.
By default, all the time series for the selected date are analyzed. It is possible to narrow down the analysis to series
matching the specified [series selector](https://prometheus.io/docs/prometheus/latest/querying/basics/#time-series-selectors).

Cardinality explorer is built on top of [/api/v1/status/tsdb](#tsdb-stats).

See [cardinality explorer playground](https://play.victoriametrics.com/select/accounting/1/6a716b0f-38bc-4856-90ce-448fd713e3fe/prometheus/graph/#/cardinality).
See the example of using the cardinality explorer [here](https://victoriametrics.com/blog/cardinality-explorer/).

## Cardinality explorer statistic inaccuracy

In [cluster version of VictoriaMetrics](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/cluster-victoriametrics/) each vmstorage tracks the stored time series individually.
vmselect requests stats via [/api/v1/status/tsdb](#tsdb-stats) API from each vmstorage node and merges the results by summing per-series stats.
This may lead to inflated values when samples for the same time series are spread across multiple vmstorage nodes
due to [replication](#replication) or [rerouting](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/cluster-victoriametrics/?highlight=re-routes#cluster-availability).

## How to apply new config to VictoriaMetrics

VictoriaMetrics is configured via command-line flags, so it must be restarted when new command-line flags should be applied:

* Send `SIGINT` signal to VictoriaMetrics process in order to gracefully stop it.
* Wait until the process stops. This can take a few seconds.
* Start VictoriaMetrics with the new command-line flags.

Prometheus doesn't drop data during VictoriaMetrics restart. See [this article](https://grafana.com/blog/2019/03/25/whats-new-in-prometheus-2.8-wal-based-remote-write/) for details. The same applies also to [vmagent](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmagent/).

## How to scrape Prometheus exporters such as [node-exporter](https://github.com/prometheus/node_exporter)

VictoriaMetrics can be used as drop-in replacement for Prometheus for scraping targets configured in `prometheus.yml` config file
according to [the specification](https://prometheus.io/docs/prometheus/latest/configuration/configuration/#configuration-file).
Just set `-promscrape.config` command-line flag to the path to `prometheus.yml` config - and VictoriaMetrics should start scraping the configured targets.
If the provided configuration file contains [unsupported options](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmagent/#unsupported-prometheus-config-sections),
then either delete them from the file or just pass `-promscrape.config.strictParse=false` command-line flag to VictoriaMetrics, so it will ignore unsupported options.

The file pointed by `-promscrape.config` may contain `%{ENV_VAR}` placeholders, which are substituted by the corresponding `ENV_VAR` environment variable values.

See also:

- [scrape config examples](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/scrape_config_examples/)
- [the list of supported service discovery types for Prometheus scrape targets](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/sd_configs/)

VictoriaMetrics also supports [importing data in Prometheus exposition format](#how-to-import-data-in-prometheus-exposition-format).

See also [vmagent](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmagent/), which can be used as drop-in replacement for Prometheus.

## How to send data from DataDog agent

VictoriaMetrics accepts data from [DataDog agent](https://docs.datadoghq.com/agent/), [DogStatsD](https://docs.datadoghq.com/developers/dogstatsd/) and
[DataDog Lambda Extension](https://docs.datadoghq.com/serverless/libraries_integrations/extension/)
via ["submit metrics" API](https://docs.datadoghq.com/api/latest/metrics/#submit-metrics) at `/datadog/api/v2/series` or via "sketches" API at `/datadog/api/beta/sketches`.

### Sending metrics to VictoriaMetrics

DataDog agent allows configuring destinations for metrics sending via ENV variable `DD_DD_URL` 
or via [configuration file](https://docs.datadoghq.com/agent/guide/agent-configuration-files/) in section `dd_url`.

<img src="docs/Single-server-VictoriaMetrics-sending_DD_metrics_to_VM.webp">

To configure DataDog agent via ENV variable add the following prefix:


```sh
DD_DD_URL=http://victoriametrics:8428/datadog
```


_Choose correct URL for VictoriaMetrics [here](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/url-examples/#datadog)._

To configure DataDog agent via [configuration file](https://github.com/DataDog/datadog-agent/blob/878600ef7a55c5ef0efb41ed0915f020cf7e3bd0/pkg/config/config_template.yaml#L33)
add the following line:

```yaml
dd_url: http://victoriametrics:8428/datadog
```

[vmagent](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmagent/) also can accept DataDog metrics format. Depending on where vmagent will forward data,
pick [single-node or cluster URL](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/url-examples/#datadog) formats.

### Sending metrics to DataDog and VictoriaMetrics

DataDog allows configuring [Dual Shipping](https://docs.datadoghq.com/agent/guide/dual-shipping/) for metrics 
sending via ENV variable `DD_ADDITIONAL_ENDPOINTS` or via configuration file `additional_endpoints`.
 
<img src="docs/Single-server-VictoriaMetrics-sending_DD_metrics_to_VM_and_DD.webp">
 
Run DataDog using the following ENV variable with VictoriaMetrics as additional metrics receiver:

```sh
DD_ADDITIONAL_ENDPOINTS='{\"http://victoriametrics:8428/datadog\": [\"apikey\"]}'
```

_Choose correct URL for VictoriaMetrics [here](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/url-examples/#datadog)._


To configure DataDog Dual Shipping via [configuration file](https://docs.datadoghq.com/agent/guide/agent-configuration-files)
add the following line:

```yaml
additional_endpoints:
  "http://victoriametrics:8428/datadog":
  - apikey
```

### Send metrics via Serverless DataDog plugin

Disable logs (logs ingestion is not supported by VictoriaMetrics) and set a custom endpoint in `serverless.yaml`:

```
custom:
  datadog:
    enableDDLogs: false             # Disabled not supported DD logs
    apiKey: fakekey                 # Set any key, otherwise plugin fails
provider:
  environment:
    DD_DD_URL: <<vm-url>>/datadog   # VictoriaMetrics endpoint for DataDog
```

### Send via cURL

See how to send data to VictoriaMetrics via DataDog "submit metrics" API [here](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/url-examples/#datadogapiv2series).

The imported data can be read via [export API](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/url-examples/#apiv1export).

### Additional details

VictoriaMetrics automatically sanitizes metric names for the data ingested via DataDog protocol
according to [DataDog metric naming recommendations](https://docs.datadoghq.com/metrics/custom_metrics/#naming-custom-metrics).
If you need accepting metric names as is without sanitizing, then pass `-datadog.sanitizeMetricName=false` command-line flag to VictoriaMetrics.

Extra labels may be added to all the written time series by passing `extra_label=name=value` query args.
For example, `/datadog/api/v2/series?extra_label=foo=bar` would add `{foo="bar"}` label to all the ingested metrics.

DataDog agent sends the [configured tags](https://docs.datadoghq.com/getting_started/tagging/) to
undocumented endpoint - `/datadog/intake`. This endpoint isn't supported by VictoriaMetrics yet.
This prevents from adding the configured tags to DataDog agent data sent into VictoriaMetrics.
The workaround is to run a sidecar [vmagent](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmagent/) alongside every DataDog agent,
which must run with `DD_DD_URL=http://localhost:8429/datadog` environment variable.
The sidecar `vmagent` must be configured with the needed tags via `-remoteWrite.label` command-line flag and must forward
incoming data with the added tags to a centralized VictoriaMetrics specified via `-remoteWrite.url` command-line flag.

See [these docs](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmagent/#adding-labels-to-metrics) for details on how to add labels to metrics at `vmagent`.

## How to send data from InfluxDB-compatible agents such as [Telegraf](https://www.influxdata.com/time-series-platform/telegraf/)

Use `http://<victoriametrics-addr>:8428` url instead of InfluxDB url in agents' configs.
For instance, put the following lines into `Telegraf` config, so it sends data to VictoriaMetrics instead of InfluxDB:

```toml
[[outputs.influxdb]]
  urls = ["http://<victoriametrics-addr>:8428"]
```

Another option is to enable TCP and UDP receiver for InfluxDB line protocol via `-influxListenAddr` command-line flag
and stream plain InfluxDB line protocol data to the configured TCP and/or UDP addresses.

VictoriaMetrics performs the following transformations to the ingested InfluxDB data:

* [db query arg](https://docs.influxdata.com/influxdb/v1.7/tools/api/#write-http-endpoint) is mapped into `db` 
  [label](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyconcepts/#labels) value unless `db` tag exists in the InfluxDB line. 
  The `db` label name can be overridden via `-influxDBLabel` command-line flag. If more strict data isolation is required,
  read more about multi-tenancy [here](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyconcepts/#multi-tenancy).
* Field names are mapped to time series names prefixed with `{measurement}{separator}` value, where `{separator}` equals to `_` by default. It can be changed with `-influxMeasurementFieldSeparator` command-line flag. See also `-influxSkipSingleField` command-line flag. If `{measurement}` is empty or if `-influxSkipMeasurement` command-line flag is set, then time series names correspond to field names.
* Field values are mapped to time series values.
* Tags are mapped to Prometheus labels as-is.
* If `-usePromCompatibleNaming` command-line flag is set, then all the metric names and label names
  are normalized to [Prometheus-compatible naming](https://prometheus.io/docs/concepts/data_model/#metric-names-and-labels) by replacing unsupported chars with `_`.
  For example, `foo.bar-baz/1` metric name or label name is substituted with `foo_bar_baz_1`.

For example, the following InfluxDB line:

```raw
foo,tag1=value1,tag2=value2 field1=12,field2=40
```

is converted into the following Prometheus data points:

```raw
foo_field1{tag1="value1", tag2="value2"} 12
foo_field2{tag1="value1", tag2="value2"} 40
```

Example for writing data with [InfluxDB line protocol](https://docs.influxdata.com/influxdb/v1.7/write_protocols/line_protocol_tutorial/)
to local VictoriaMetrics using `curl`:


```sh
curl -d 'measurement,tag1=value1,tag2=value2 field1=123,field2=1.23' -X POST 'http://localhost:8428/write'
```


An arbitrary number of lines delimited by '\n' (aka newline char) can be sent in a single request.
After that the data may be read via [/api/v1/export](#how-to-export-data-in-json-line-format) endpoint:


```sh
curl -G 'http://localhost:8428/api/v1/export' -d 'match={__name__=~"measurement_.*"}'
```


The `/api/v1/export` endpoint should return the following response:

```json
{"metric":{"__name__":"measurement_field1","tag1":"value1","tag2":"value2"},"values":[123],"timestamps":[1560272508147]}
{"metric":{"__name__":"measurement_field2","tag1":"value1","tag2":"value2"},"values":[1.23],"timestamps":[1560272508147]}
```

Note that InfluxDB line protocol expects [timestamps in *nanoseconds* by default](https://docs.influxdata.com/influxdb/v1.7/write_protocols/line_protocol_tutorial/#timestamp),
while VictoriaMetrics stores them with *milliseconds* precision. It is allowed to ingest timestamps with seconds,
microseconds or nanoseconds precision - VictoriaMetrics will automatically convert them to milliseconds.

Extra labels may be added to all the written time series by passing `extra_label=name=value` query args.
For example, `/write?extra_label=foo=bar` would add `{foo="bar"}` label to all the ingested metrics.

Some plugins for Telegraf such as [fluentd](https://github.com/fangli/fluent-plugin-influxdb), [Juniper/open-nti](https://github.com/Juniper/open-nti)
or [Juniper/jitmon](https://github.com/Juniper/jtimon) send `SHOW DATABASES` query to `/query` and expect a particular database name in the response.
Comma-separated list of expected databases can be passed to VictoriaMetrics via `-influx.databaseNames` command-line flag.

### How to send data in InfluxDB v2 format

VictoriaMetrics exposes endpoint for InfluxDB v2 HTTP API at `/influx/api/v2/write` and `/api/v2/write`.


In order to write data with InfluxDB line protocol to local VictoriaMetrics using `curl`:


```sh
curl -d 'measurement,tag1=value1,tag2=value2 field1=123,field2=1.23' -X POST 'http://localhost:8428/api/v2/write'
```


The `/api/v1/export` endpoint should return the following response:

```json
{"metric":{"__name__":"measurement_field1","tag1":"value1","tag2":"value2"},"values":[123],"timestamps":[1695902762311]}
{"metric":{"__name__":"measurement_field2","tag1":"value1","tag2":"value2"},"values":[1.23],"timestamps":[1695902762311]}
```

## How to send data from Graphite-compatible agents such as [StatsD](https://github.com/etsy/statsd)

Enable Graphite receiver in VictoriaMetrics by setting `-graphiteListenAddr` command line flag. For instance,
the following command will enable Graphite receiver in VictoriaMetrics on TCP and UDP port `2003`:

```sh
/path/to/victoria-metrics-prod -graphiteListenAddr=:2003
```

Use the configured address in Graphite-compatible agents. For instance, set `graphiteHost`
to the VictoriaMetrics host in `StatsD` configs.

Example for writing data with Graphite plaintext protocol to local VictoriaMetrics using `nc`:

```sh
echo "foo.bar.baz;tag1=value1;tag2=value2 123 `date +%s`" | nc -N localhost 2003
```

VictoriaMetrics sets the current time if the timestamp is omitted.
An arbitrary number of lines delimited by `\n` (aka newline char) can be sent in one go.
After that the data may be read via [/api/v1/export](#how-to-export-data-in-json-line-format) endpoint:


```sh
curl -G 'http://localhost:8428/api/v1/export' -d 'match=foo.bar.baz'
```


The `/api/v1/export` endpoint should return the following response:

```json
{"metric":{"__name__":"foo.bar.baz","tag1":"value1","tag2":"value2"},"values":[123],"timestamps":[1560277406000]}
```

[Graphite relabeling](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmagent/#graphite-relabeling) can be used if the imported Graphite data is going to be queried via [MetricsQL](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/metricsql/).

## Querying Graphite data

Data sent to VictoriaMetrics via `Graphite plaintext protocol` may be read via the following APIs:

* [Graphite API](#graphite-api-usage)
* [Prometheus querying API](#prometheus-querying-api-usage). See also [selecting Graphite metrics](#selecting-graphite-metrics).
* [go-graphite/carbonapi](https://github.com/go-graphite/carbonapi/blob/main/cmd/carbonapi/carbonapi.example.victoriametrics.yaml)

## Selecting Graphite metrics

VictoriaMetrics supports `__graphite__` pseudo-label for selecting time series with Graphite-compatible filters in [MetricsQL](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/metricsql/). For example, `{__graphite__="foo.*.bar"}` is equivalent to `{__name__=~"foo[.][^.]*[.]bar"}`, but it works faster and it is easier to use when migrating from Graphite to VictoriaMetrics. See [docs for Graphite paths and wildcards](https://graphite.readthedocs.io/en/latest/render_api.html#paths-and-wildcards). VictoriaMetrics also supports [label_graphite_group](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/metricsql/#label_graphite_group) function for extracting the given groups from Graphite metric name.

The `__graphite__` pseudo-label supports e.g. alternate regexp filters such as `(value1|...|valueN)`. They are transparently converted to `{value1,...,valueN}` syntax [used in Graphite](https://graphite.readthedocs.io/en/latest/render_api.html#paths-and-wildcards). This allows using [multi-value template variables in Grafana](https://grafana.com/docs/grafana/latest/variables/formatting-multi-value-variables/) inside `__graphite__` pseudo-label. For example, Grafana expands `{__graphite__=~"foo.($bar).baz"}` into `{__graphite__=~"foo.(x|y).baz"}` if `$bar` template variable contains `x` and `y` values. In this case the query is automatically converted into `{__graphite__=~"foo.{x,y}.baz"}` before execution.

VictoriaMetrics also supports Graphite query language - see [these docs](#graphite-render-api-usage).

## How to send data from OpenTSDB-compatible agents

VictoriaMetrics supports [telnet put protocol](http://opentsdb.net/docs/build/html/api_telnet/put.html)
and [HTTP /api/put requests](http://opentsdb.net/docs/build/html/api_http/put.html) for ingesting OpenTSDB data.
The same protocol is used for [ingesting data in KairosDB](https://kairosdb.github.io/docs/PushingData.html).

### Sending data via `telnet put` protocol

Enable OpenTSDB receiver in VictoriaMetrics by setting `-opentsdbListenAddr` command line flag. For instance,
the following command enables OpenTSDB receiver in VictoriaMetrics on TCP and UDP port `4242`:

```sh
/path/to/victoria-metrics-prod -opentsdbListenAddr=:4242
```

Send data to the given address from OpenTSDB-compatible agents.

Example for writing data with OpenTSDB protocol to local VictoriaMetrics using `nc`:


```sh
echo "put foo.bar.baz `date +%s` 123 tag1=value1 tag2=value2" | nc -N localhost 4242
```


An arbitrary number of lines delimited by `\n` (aka newline char) can be sent in one go.
After that the data may be read via [/api/v1/export](#how-to-export-data-in-json-line-format) endpoint:


```sh
curl -G 'http://localhost:8428/api/v1/export' -d 'match=foo.bar.baz'
```


The `/api/v1/export` endpoint should return the following response:

```json
{"metric":{"__name__":"foo.bar.baz","tag1":"value1","tag2":"value2"},"values":[123],"timestamps":[1560277292000]}
```

### Sending OpenTSDB data via HTTP `/api/put` requests

Enable HTTP server for OpenTSDB `/api/put` requests by setting `-opentsdbHTTPListenAddr` command line flag. For instance,
the following command enables OpenTSDB HTTP server on port `4242`:

```sh
/path/to/victoria-metrics-prod -opentsdbHTTPListenAddr=:4242
```

Send data to the given address from OpenTSDB-compatible agents.

Example for writing a single data point:


```sh
curl -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"metric":"x.y.z","value":45.34,"tags":{"t1":"v1","t2":"v2"}}' http://localhost:4242/api/put
```


Example for writing multiple data points in a single request:

```sh
curl -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '[{"metric":"foo","value":45.34},{"metric":"bar","value":43}]' http://localhost:4242/api/put
```


After that the data may be read via [/api/v1/export](#how-to-export-data-in-json-line-format) endpoint:


```sh
curl -G 'http://localhost:8428/api/v1/export' -d 'match[]=x.y.z' -d 'match[]=foo' -d 'match[]=bar'
```


The `/api/v1/export` endpoint should return the following response:

```json
{"metric":{"__name__":"foo"},"values":[45.34],"timestamps":[1566464846000]}
{"metric":{"__name__":"bar"},"values":[43],"timestamps":[1566464846000]}
{"metric":{"__name__":"x.y.z","t1":"v1","t2":"v2"},"values":[45.34],"timestamps":[1566464763000]}
```

Extra labels may be added to all the imported time series by passing `extra_label=name=value` query args.
For example, `/api/put?extra_label=foo=bar` would add `{foo="bar"}` label to all the ingested metrics.

## How to send data from NewRelic agent

VictoriaMetrics accepts data from [NewRelic infrastructure agent](https://docs.newrelic.com/docs/infrastructure/install-infrastructure-agent)
at `/newrelic/infra/v2/metrics/events/bulk` HTTP path.
VictoriaMetrics receives [Events](https://docs.newrelic.com/docs/infrastructure/manage-your-data/data-instrumentation/default-infrastructure-monitoring-data/#infrastructure-events)
from NewRelic agent at the given path, transforms them to [raw samples](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyconcepts/#raw-samples)
according to [these docs](#newrelic-agent-data-mapping) before storing the raw samples to the database.

You need passing `COLLECTOR_URL` and `NRIA_LICENSE_KEY` environment variables to NewRelic infrastructure agent in order to send the collected metrics to VictoriaMetrics.
The `COLLECTOR_URL` must point to `/newrelic` HTTP endpoint at VictoriaMetrics, while the `NRIA_LICENSE_KEY` must contain NewRelic license key,
which can be obtained [here](https://newrelic.com/signup).
For example, if VictoriaMetrics runs at `localhost:8428`, then the following command can be used for running NewRelic infrastructure agent:

```sh
COLLECTOR_URL="http://localhost:8428/newrelic" NRIA_LICENSE_KEY="NEWRELIC_LICENSE_KEY" ./newrelic-infra
```

### NewRelic agent data mapping

VictoriaMetrics maps [NewRelic Events](https://docs.newrelic.com/docs/infrastructure/manage-your-data/data-instrumentation/default-infrastructure-monitoring-data/#infrastructure-events)
to [raw samples](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyconcepts/#raw-samples) in the following way:

1. Every numeric field is converted into a raw sample with the corresponding name.
1. The `eventType` and all the other fields with `string` value type are attached to every raw sample as [metric labels](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyconcepts/#labels).
1. The `timestamp` field is used as timestamp for the ingested [raw sample](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyconcepts/#raw-samples).
   The `timestamp` field may be specified either in seconds or in milliseconds since the [Unix Epoch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_time).
   If the `timestamp` field is missing, then the raw sample is stored with the current timestamp.

For example, let's import the following NewRelic Events request to VictoriaMetrics:

```json
[
  {
    "Events":[
      {
        "eventType":"SystemSample",
        "entityKey":"macbook-pro.local",
        "cpuPercent":25.056660790748904,
        "cpuUserPercent":8.687987912389374,
        "cpuSystemPercent":16.36867287835953,
        "cpuIOWaitPercent":0,
        "cpuIdlePercent":74.94333920925109,
        "cpuStealPercent":0,
        "loadAverageOneMinute":5.42333984375,
        "loadAverageFiveMinute":4.099609375,
        "loadAverageFifteenMinute":3.58203125
      }
    ]
  }
]
```

Save this JSON into `newrelic.json` file and then use the following command in order to import it into VictoriaMetrics:

```sh
curl -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/json' --data-binary @newrelic.json http://localhost:8428/newrelic/infra/v2/metrics/events/bulk
```

Let's fetch the ingested data via [data export API](#how-to-export-data-in-json-line-format):

```sh
curl http://localhost:8428/api/v1/export -d 'match={eventType="SystemSample"}'
{"metric":{"__name__":"cpuStealPercent","entityKey":"macbook-pro.local","eventType":"SystemSample"},"values":[0],"timestamps":[1697407970000]}
{"metric":{"__name__":"loadAverageFiveMinute","entityKey":"macbook-pro.local","eventType":"SystemSample"},"values":[4.099609375],"timestamps":[1697407970000]}
{"metric":{"__name__":"cpuIOWaitPercent","entityKey":"macbook-pro.local","eventType":"SystemSample"},"values":[0],"timestamps":[1697407970000]}
{"metric":{"__name__":"cpuSystemPercent","entityKey":"macbook-pro.local","eventType":"SystemSample"},"values":[16.368672878359],"timestamps":[1697407970000]}
{"metric":{"__name__":"loadAverageOneMinute","entityKey":"macbook-pro.local","eventType":"SystemSample"},"values":[5.42333984375],"timestamps":[1697407970000]}
{"metric":{"__name__":"cpuUserPercent","entityKey":"macbook-pro.local","eventType":"SystemSample"},"values":[8.687987912389],"timestamps":[1697407970000]}
{"metric":{"__name__":"cpuIdlePercent","entityKey":"macbook-pro.local","eventType":"SystemSample"},"values":[74.9433392092],"timestamps":[1697407970000]}
{"metric":{"__name__":"loadAverageFifteenMinute","entityKey":"macbook-pro.local","eventType":"SystemSample"},"values":[3.58203125],"timestamps":[1697407970000]}
{"metric":{"__name__":"cpuPercent","entityKey":"macbook-pro.local","eventType":"SystemSample"},"values":[25.056660790748],"timestamps":[1697407970000]}
```

## Prometheus querying API usage

VictoriaMetrics supports the following handlers from [Prometheus querying API](https://prometheus.io/docs/prometheus/latest/querying/api/):

* [/api/v1/query](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyconcepts/#instant-query)
* [/api/v1/query_range](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyconcepts/#range-query)
* [/api/v1/series](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/url-examples/#apiv1series)
* [/api/v1/labels](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/url-examples/#apiv1labels)
* [/api/v1/label/.../values](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/url-examples/#apiv1labelvalues)
* [/api/v1/status/tsdb](https://prometheus.io/docs/prometheus/latest/querying/api/#tsdb-stats). See [these docs](#tsdb-stats) for details.
* [/api/v1/targets](https://prometheus.io/docs/prometheus/latest/querying/api/#targets) - see [these docs](#how-to-scrape-prometheus-exporters-such-as-node-exporter) for more details.
* [/federate](https://prometheus.io/docs/prometheus/latest/federation/) - see [these docs](#federation) for more details.

These handlers can be queried from Prometheus-compatible clients such as Grafana or curl.
All the Prometheus querying API handlers can be prepended with `/prometheus` prefix. For example, both `/prometheus/api/v1/query` and `/api/v1/query` should work.

### Prometheus querying API enhancements

VictoriaMetrics accepts optional `extra_label=<label_name>=<label_value>` query arg, which can be used
for enforcing additional label filters for queries. For example, `/api/v1/query_range?extra_label=user_id=123&extra_label=group_id=456&query=<query>`
would automatically add `{user_id="123",group_id="456"}` label filters to the given `<query>`.
This functionality can be used for limiting the scope of time series visible to the given tenant.
It is expected that the `extra_label` query args are automatically set by auth proxy sitting in front of VictoriaMetrics.
See [vmauth](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmauth/) and [vmgateway](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmgateway/) as examples of such proxies.

VictoriaMetrics accepts optional `extra_filters[]=series_selector` query arg, which can be used for enforcing arbitrary label filters for queries.
For example, `/api/v1/query_range?extra_filters[]={env=~"prod|staging",user="xyz"}&query=<query>` would automatically
add `{env=~"prod|staging",user="xyz"}` label filters to the given `<query>`. This functionality can be used for limiting
the scope of time series visible to the given tenant. It is expected that the `extra_filters[]` query args are automatically
set by auth proxy sitting in front of VictoriaMetrics.
See [vmauth](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmauth/) and [vmgateway](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmgateway/) as examples of such proxies.

VictoriaMetrics accepts multiple formats for `time`, `start` and `end` query args - see [these docs](#timestamp-formats).

VictoriaMetrics accepts `round_digits` query arg for [/api/v1/query](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyconcepts/#instant-query)
and [/api/v1/query_range](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyconcepts/#range-query) handlers. It can be used for rounding response values
to the given number of digits after the decimal point.
For example, `/api/v1/query?query=avg_over_time(temperature[1h])&round_digits=2` would round response values to up to two digits after the decimal point.

VictoriaMetrics accepts `limit` query arg for [/api/v1/labels](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/url-examples/#apiv1labels)
and [`/api/v1/label/<labelName>/values`](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/url-examples/#apiv1labelvalues) handlers for limiting the number of returned entries.
For example, the query to `/api/v1/labels?limit=5` returns a sample of up to 5 unique labels, while ignoring the rest of labels.
If the provided `limit` value exceeds the corresponding `-search.maxTagKeys` / `-search.maxTagValues` command-line flag values,
then limits specified in the command-line flags are used.

By default, VictoriaMetrics returns time series for the last day starting at 00:00 UTC
from [/api/v1/series](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/url-examples/#apiv1series),
[/api/v1/labels](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/url-examples/#apiv1labels) and
[`/api/v1/label/<labelName>/values`](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/url-examples/#apiv1labelvalues),
while the Prometheus API defaults to all time.  Explicitly set `start` and `end` to select the desired time range.
VictoriaMetrics rounds the specified `start..end` time range to day granularity because of performance optimization concerns.
If you need the exact set of label names and label values on the given time range, then send queries
to [/api/v1/query](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyconcepts/#instant-query) or to [/api/v1/query_range](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyconcepts/#range-query).

VictoriaMetrics accepts `limit` query arg at [/api/v1/series](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/url-examples/#apiv1series)
for limiting the number of returned entries. For example, the query to `/api/v1/series?limit=5` returns a sample of up to 5 series, while ignoring the rest of series.
If the provided `limit` value exceeds the corresponding `-search.maxSeries` command-line flag values, then limits specified in the command-line flags are used.

Additionally, VictoriaMetrics provides the following handlers:

* `/vmui` - Basic Web UI. See [these docs](#vmui).
* `/api/v1/series/count` - returns the total number of time series in the database. Some notes:
  * the handler scans all the inverted index, so it can be slow if the database contains tens of millions of time series;
  * the handler may count [deleted time series](#how-to-delete-time-series) additionally to normal time series due to internal implementation restrictions;
* `/api/v1/status/active_queries` - returns the list of currently running queries. This list is also available at [`active queries` page at VMUI](#active-queries).
* `/api/v1/status/top_queries` - returns the following query lists:
  * the most frequently executed queries - `topByCount`
  * queries with the biggest average execution duration - `topByAvgDuration`
  * queries that took the most time for execution - `topBySumDuration`

  The number of returned queries can be limited via `topN` query arg. Old queries can be filtered out with `maxLifetime` query arg.
  For example, request to `/api/v1/status/top_queries?topN=5&maxLifetime=30s` would return up to 5 queries per list, which were executed during the last 30 seconds.
  VictoriaMetrics tracks the last `-search.queryStats.lastQueriesCount` queries with durations at least `-search.queryStats.minQueryDuration`.

  See also [`top queries` page at VMUI](#top-queries).

### Timestamp formats

VictoriaMetrics accepts the following formats for `time`, `start` and `end` query args
in [query APIs](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/#prometheus-querying-api-usage) and
in [export APIs](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/#how-to-export-time-series).

- Unix timestamps in seconds with optional milliseconds after the point. For example, `1562529662.678`.
- Unix timestamps in milliseconds. For example, `1562529662678`.
- [RFC3339](https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3339.txt). For example, `2022-03-29T01:02:03Z` or `2022-03-29T01:02:03+02:30`.
- Partial RFC3339. Examples: `2022`, `2022-03`, `2022-03-29`, `2022-03-29T01`, `2022-03-29T01:02`, `2022-03-29T01:02:03`.
  The partial RFC3339 time is in UTC timezone by default. It is possible to specify timezone there by adding `+hh:mm` or `-hh:mm` suffix to partial time.
  For example, `2022-03-01+06:30` is `2022-03-01` at `06:30` timezone.
- Relative duration comparing to the current time. For example, `1h5m`, `-1h5m` or `now-1h5m` means `one hour and five minutes ago`, while `now` means `now`.


## Graphite API usage

VictoriaMetrics supports data ingestion in Graphite protocol - see [these docs](#how-to-send-data-from-graphite-compatible-agents-such-as-statsd) for details.
VictoriaMetrics supports the following Graphite querying APIs, which are needed for [Graphite datasource in Grafana](https://grafana.com/docs/grafana/latest/datasources/graphite/):

* Render API - see [these docs](#graphite-render-api-usage).
* Metrics API - see [these docs](#graphite-metrics-api-usage).
* Tags API - see [these docs](#graphite-tags-api-usage).

All the Graphite handlers can be pre-pended with `/graphite` prefix. For example, both `/graphite/metrics/find` and `/metrics/find` should work.

VictoriaMetrics accepts optional query args: `extra_label=<label_name>=<label_value>` and `extra_filters[]=series_selector` query args for all the Graphite APIs. These args can be used for limiting the scope of time series visible to the given tenant. It is expected that the `extra_label` query arg is automatically set by auth proxy sitting in front of VictoriaMetrics. See [vmauth](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmauth/) and [vmgateway](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmgateway/) as examples of such proxies.

[Contact us](mailto:sales@victoriametrics.com) if you need assistance with such a proxy.

VictoriaMetrics supports `__graphite__` pseudo-label for filtering time series with Graphite-compatible filters in [MetricsQL](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/metricsql/). See [these docs](#selecting-graphite-metrics).

### Graphite Render API usage

VictoriaMetrics supports [Graphite Render API](https://graphite.readthedocs.io/en/stable/render_api.html) subset
at `/render` endpoint, which is used by [Graphite datasource in Grafana](https://grafana.com/docs/grafana/latest/datasources/graphite/).
When configuring Graphite datasource in Grafana, the `Storage-Step` http request header must be set to a step between Graphite data points
stored in VictoriaMetrics. For example, `Storage-Step: 10s` would mean 10 seconds distance between Graphite datapoints stored in VictoriaMetrics.

### Graphite Metrics API usage

VictoriaMetrics supports the following handlers from [Graphite Metrics API](https://graphite-api.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api.html#the-metrics-api):

* [/metrics/find](https://graphite-api.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api.html#metrics-find)
* [/metrics/expand](https://graphite-api.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api.html#metrics-expand)
* [/metrics/index.json](https://graphite-api.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api.html#metrics-index-json)

VictoriaMetrics accepts the following additional query args at `/metrics/find` and `/metrics/expand`:

* `label` - for selecting arbitrary label values. By default, `label=__name__`, i.e. metric names are selected.
* `delimiter` - for using different delimiters in metric name hierarchy. For example, `/metrics/find?delimiter=_&query=node_*` would return all the metric name prefixes
    that start with `node_`. By default `delimiter=.`.

### Graphite Tags API usage

VictoriaMetrics supports the following handlers from [Graphite Tags API](https://graphite.readthedocs.io/en/stable/tags.html):

* [/tags/tagSeries](https://graphite.readthedocs.io/en/stable/tags.html#adding-series-to-the-tagdb)
* [/tags/tagMultiSeries](https://graphite.readthedocs.io/en/stable/tags.html#adding-series-to-the-tagdb)
* [/tags](https://graphite.readthedocs.io/en/stable/tags.html#exploring-tags)
* [/tags/{tag_name}](https://graphite.readthedocs.io/en/stable/tags.html#exploring-tags)
* [/tags/findSeries](https://graphite.readthedocs.io/en/stable/tags.html#exploring-tags)
* [/tags/autoComplete/tags](https://graphite.readthedocs.io/en/stable/tags.html#auto-complete-support)
* [/tags/autoComplete/values](https://graphite.readthedocs.io/en/stable/tags.html#auto-complete-support)
* [/tags/delSeries](https://graphite.readthedocs.io/en/stable/tags.html#removing-series-from-the-tagdb)

## How to build from sources

We recommend using either [binary releases](https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/releases/latest) or
[docker images](https://hub.docker.com/r/victoriametrics/victoria-metrics/) instead of building VictoriaMetrics
from sources. Building from sources is reasonable when developing additional features specific
to your needs or when testing bugfixes.

### Development build

1. [Install Go](https://golang.org/doc/install). The minimum supported version is Go 1.22.
1. Run `make victoria-metrics` from the root folder of [the repository](https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics).
   It builds `victoria-metrics` binary and puts it into the `bin` folder.

### Production build

1. [Install docker](https://docs.docker.com/install/).
1. Run `make victoria-metrics-prod` from the root folder of [the repository](https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics).
   It builds `victoria-metrics-prod` binary and puts it into the `bin` folder.

### ARM build

ARM build may run on Raspberry Pi or on [energy-efficient ARM servers](https://blog.cloudflare.com/arm-takes-wing/).

### Development ARM build

1. [Install Go](https://golang.org/doc/install). The minimum supported version is Go 1.22.
1. Run `make victoria-metrics-linux-arm` or `make victoria-metrics-linux-arm64` from the root folder of [the repository](https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics).
   It builds `victoria-metrics-linux-arm` or `victoria-metrics-linux-arm64` binary respectively and puts it into the `bin` folder.

### Production ARM build

1. [Install docker](https://docs.docker.com/install/).
1. Run `make victoria-metrics-linux-arm-prod` or `make victoria-metrics-linux-arm64-prod` from the root folder of [the repository](https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics).
   It builds `victoria-metrics-linux-arm-prod` or `victoria-metrics-linux-arm64-prod` binary respectively and puts it into the `bin` folder.

### Pure Go build (CGO_ENABLED=0)

`Pure Go` mode builds only Go code without [cgo](https://golang.org/cmd/cgo/) dependencies.

1. [Install Go](https://golang.org/doc/install). The minimum supported version is Go 1.22.
1. Run `make victoria-metrics-pure` from the root folder of [the repository](https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics).
   It builds `victoria-metrics-pure` binary and puts it into the `bin` folder.

### Building docker images

Run `make package-victoria-metrics`. It builds `victoriametrics/victoria-metrics:<PKG_TAG>` docker image locally.
`<PKG_TAG>` is auto-generated image tag, which depends on source code in the repository.
The `<PKG_TAG>` may be manually set via `PKG_TAG=foobar make package-victoria-metrics`.

The base docker image is [alpine](https://hub.docker.com/_/alpine) but it is possible to use any other base image
by setting it via `<ROOT_IMAGE>` environment variable.
For example, the following command builds the image on top of [scratch](https://hub.docker.com/_/scratch) image:

```sh
ROOT_IMAGE=scratch make package-victoria-metrics
```

#### Building VictoriaMetrics with Podman

VictoriaMetrics can be built with Podman in either rootful or rootless mode.

When building via rootlful Podman, simply add `DOCKER=podman` to the relevant `make` commandline.  To build
via rootless Podman, add `DOCKER=podman DOCKER_RUN="podman run --userns=keep-id"` to the `make`
commandline.

For example: `make victoria-metrics-pure DOCKER=podman DOCKER_RUN="podman run --userns=keep-id"`

Note that `production` builds are not supported via Podman becuase Podman does not support `buildx`.

## Start with docker-compose

[Docker-compose](https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/blob/master/deployment/docker/docker-compose.yml)
helps to spin up VictoriaMetrics, [vmagent](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmagent/) and Grafana with one command.
More details may be found [here](https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/tree/master/deployment/docker#folder-contains-basic-images-and-tools-for-building-and-running-victoria-metrics-in-docker).

## Setting up service

Read [instructions](https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/issues/43) on how to set up VictoriaMetrics
as a service for your OS. A [snap package](https://snapcraft.io/victoriametrics) is available for Ubuntu.

## How to work with snapshots

Send a request to `http://<victoriametrics-addr>:8428/snapshot/create` endpoint in order to create
an [instant snapshot](https://medium.com/@valyala/how-victoriametrics-makes-instant-snapshots-for-multi-terabyte-time-series-data-e1f3fb0e0282).
The page returns the following JSON response on successful creation of snapshot:

```json
{"status":"ok","snapshot":"<snapshot-name>"}
```

Snapshots are created under `<-storageDataPath>/snapshots` directory, where `<-storageDataPath>`
is the corresponding command-line flag value. Snapshots can be archived to backup storage at any time
with [vmbackup](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmbackup/).

Snapshots consist of a mix of hard-links and soft-links to various files and directories inside `-storageDataPath`.
See [this article](https://medium.com/@valyala/how-victoriametrics-makes-instant-snapshots-for-multi-terabyte-time-series-data-e1f3fb0e0282)
for more details. This adds some restrictions on what can be done with the contents of `<-storageDataPath>/snapshots` directory:

- Do not delete subdirectories inside `<-storageDataPath>/snapshots` with `rm` or similar commands, since this will leave some snapshot data undeleted.
  Prefer using the `/snapshot/delete` API for deleting snapshot. See below for more details about this API.
- Do not copy subdirectories inside `<-storageDataPath>/snapshot` with `cp`, `rsync` or similar commands, since there are high chances
  that these commands won't copy some data stored in the snapshot. Prefer using [vmbackup](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmbackup/) for making copies of snapshot data.

See also [snapshot troubleshooting](#snapshot-troubleshooting).

The `http://<victoriametrics-addr>:8428/snapshot/list` endpoint returns the list of available snapshots.

Send a query to `http://<victoriametrics-addr>:8428/snapshot/delete?snapshot=<snapshot-name>` in order
to delete the snapshot with `<snapshot-name>` name.

Navigate to `http://<victoriametrics-addr>:8428/snapshot/delete_all` in order to delete all the snapshots.

### How to restore from a snapshot

1. Stop VictoriaMetrics with `kill -INT`.
1. Restore snapshot contents from backup with [vmrestore](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmrestore/)
   to the directory pointed by `-storageDataPath`.
1. Start VictoriaMetrics.

### Snapshot troubleshooting

Snapshot doesn't occupy disk space just after its' creation thanks to the [used approach](https://medium.com/@valyala/how-victoriametrics-makes-instant-snapshots-for-multi-terabyte-time-series-data-e1f3fb0e0282).
Old snapshots may start occupying additional disk space if they refer to old parts, which were already deleted during [background merge](#storage).
That's why it is recommended deleting old snapshots after they are no longer needed in order to free up disk space used by old snapshots.
This can be done either manually or automatically if the `-snapshotsMaxAge` command-line flag is set. Make sure that the backup process has enough time to complete
when setting `-snapshotsMaxAge` command-line flag.

VictoriaMetrics exposes the current number of available snapshots via `vm_snapshots` metric at [`/metrics`](#monitoring) page.

## How to delete time series

Send a request to `http://<victoriametrics-addr>:8428/api/v1/admin/tsdb/delete_series?match[]=<timeseries_selector_for_delete>`,
where `<timeseries_selector_for_delete>` may contain any [time series selector](https://prometheus.io/docs/prometheus/latest/querying/basics/#time-series-selectors)
for metrics to delete. Delete API doesn't support the deletion of specific time ranges, the series can only be deleted completely. 
Storage space for the deleted time series isn't freed instantly - it is freed during subsequent
[background merges of data files](https://medium.com/@valyala/how-victoriametrics-makes-instant-snapshots-for-multi-terabyte-time-series-data-e1f3fb0e0282).

Note that background merges may never occur for data from previous months, so storage space won't be freed for historical data.
In this case [forced merge](#forced-merge) may help freeing up storage space.

It is recommended verifying which metrics will be deleted with the call to `http://<victoria-metrics-addr>:8428/api/v1/series?match[]=<timeseries_selector_for_delete>`
before actually deleting the metrics. By default, this query will only scan series in the past 5 minutes, so you may need to
adjust `start` and `end` to a suitable range to achieve match hits.

The `/api/v1/admin/tsdb/delete_series` handler may be protected with `authKey` if `-deleteAuthKey` command-line flag is set.
Note that handler accepts any HTTP method, so sending a `GET` request to `/api/v1/admin/tsdb/delete_series` will result in deletion of time series.

The delete API is intended mainly for the following cases:

* One-off deleting of accidentally written invalid (or undesired) time series.
* One-off deleting of user data due to [GDPR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Data_Protection_Regulation).

Using the delete API is not recommended in the following cases, since it brings a non-zero overhead:

* Regular cleanups for unneeded data. Just prevent writing unneeded data into VictoriaMetrics.
  This can be done with [relabeling](#relabeling).
  See [this article](https://www.robustperception.io/relabelling-can-discard-targets-timeseries-and-alerts) for details.
* Reducing disk space usage by deleting unneeded time series. This doesn't work as expected, since the deleted
  time series occupy disk space until the next merge operation, which can never occur when deleting too old data.
  [Forced merge](#forced-merge) may be used for freeing up disk space occupied by old data.
  Note that VictoriaMetrics doesn't delete entries from inverted index (aka `indexdb`) for the deleted time series.
  Inverted index is cleaned up once per the configured [retention](#retention).

It's better to use the `-retentionPeriod` command-line flag for efficient pruning of old data.

## Forced merge

VictoriaMetrics performs [data compactions in background](https://medium.com/@valyala/how-victoriametrics-makes-instant-snapshots-for-multi-terabyte-time-series-data-e1f3fb0e0282)
in order to keep good performance characteristics when accepting new data. These compactions (merges) are performed independently on per-month partitions.
This means that compactions are stopped for per-month partitions if no new data is ingested into these partitions.
Sometimes it is necessary to trigger compactions for old partitions. For instance, in order to free up disk space occupied by [deleted time series](#how-to-delete-time-series).
In this case forced compaction may be initiated on the specified per-month partition by sending request to `/internal/force_merge?partition_prefix=YYYY_MM`,
where `YYYY_MM` is per-month partition name. For example, `http://victoriametrics:8428/internal/force_merge?partition_prefix=2020_08` would initiate forced
merge for August 2020 partition. The call to `/internal/force_merge` returns immediately, while the corresponding forced merge continues running in background.

Forced merges may require additional CPU, disk IO and storage space resources. It is unnecessary to run forced merge under normal conditions,
since VictoriaMetrics automatically performs [optimal merges in background](https://medium.com/@valyala/how-victoriametrics-makes-instant-snapshots-for-multi-terabyte-time-series-data-e1f3fb0e0282)
when new data is ingested into it.

## How to export time series

VictoriaMetrics provides the following handlers for exporting data:

* `/api/v1/export` for exporting data in JSON line format. See [these docs](#how-to-export-data-in-json-line-format) for details.
* `/api/v1/export/csv` for exporting data in CSV. See [these docs](#how-to-export-csv-data) for details.
* `/api/v1/export/native` for exporting data in native binary format. This is the most efficient format for data export.
  See [these docs](#how-to-export-data-in-native-format) for details.

### How to export data in JSON line format

Send a request to `http://<victoriametrics-addr>:8428/api/v1/export?match[]=<timeseries_selector_for_export>`,
where `<timeseries_selector_for_export>` may contain any [time series selector](https://prometheus.io/docs/prometheus/latest/querying/basics/#time-series-selectors)
for metrics to export. Use `{__name__!=""}` selector for fetching all the time series.

The response would contain all the data for the selected time series in JSON line format - see [these docs](#json-line-format) for details on this format.

Each JSON line contains samples for a single time series. An example output:

```json
{"metric":{"__name__":"up","job":"node_exporter","instance":"localhost:9100"},"values":[0,0,0],"timestamps":[1549891472010,1549891487724,1549891503438]}
{"metric":{"__name__":"up","job":"prometheus","instance":"localhost:9090"},"values":[1,1,1],"timestamps":[1549891461511,1549891476511,1549891491511]}
```

Optional `start` and `end` args may be added to the request in order to limit the time frame for the exported data.
See [allowed formats](#timestamp-formats) for these args.

For example:
```sh
curl http://<victoriametrics-addr>:8428/api/v1/export -d 'match[]=<timeseries_selector_for_export>' -d 'start=1654543486' -d 'end=1654543486'
curl http://<victoriametrics-addr>:8428/api/v1/export -d 'match[]=<timeseries_selector_for_export>' -d 'start=2022-06-06T19:25:48' -d 'end=2022-06-06T19:29:07'
```

Optional `max_rows_per_line` arg may be added to the request for limiting the maximum number of rows exported per each JSON line.
Optional `reduce_mem_usage=1` arg may be added to the request for reducing memory usage when exporting big number of time series.
In this case the output may contain multiple lines with samples for the same time series.

Pass `Accept-Encoding: gzip` HTTP header in the request to `/api/v1/export` in order to reduce network bandwidth during exporting big amounts
of time series data. This enables gzip compression for the exported data. Example for exporting gzipped data:


```sh
curl -H 'Accept-Encoding: gzip' http://localhost:8428/api/v1/export -d 'match[]={__name__!=""}' > data.jsonl.gz
```


The maximum duration for each request to `/api/v1/export` is limited by `-search.maxExportDuration` command-line flag.

Exported data can be imported via POST'ing it to [/api/v1/import](#how-to-import-data-in-json-line-format).

The [deduplication](#deduplication) is applied to the data exported via `/api/v1/export` by default. The deduplication
isn't applied if `reduce_mem_usage=1` query arg is passed to the request.

### How to export CSV data

Send a request to `http://<victoriametrics-addr>:8428/api/v1/export/csv?format=<format>&match=<timeseries_selector_for_export>`,
where:

* `<format>` must contain comma-delimited label names for the exported CSV. The following special label names are supported:
  * `__name__` - metric name
  * `__value__` - sample value
  * `__timestamp__:<ts_format>` - sample timestamp. `<ts_format>` can have the following values:
    * `unix_s` - unix seconds
    * `unix_ms` - unix milliseconds
    * `unix_ns` - unix nanoseconds
    * `rfc3339` - [RFC3339](https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3339.txt) time (in the timezone of the server)
    * `custom:<layout>` - custom layout for time that is supported by [time.Format](https://golang.org/pkg/time/#Time.Format) function from Go.

* `<timeseries_selector_for_export>` may contain any [time series selector](https://prometheus.io/docs/prometheus/latest/querying/basics/#time-series-selectors)
for metrics to export.

Optional `start` and `end` args may be added to the request in order to limit the time frame for the exported data.
See [allowed formats](#timestamp-formats) for these args.

For example:
```sh
curl http://<victoriametrics-addr>:8428/api/v1/export/csv -d 'format=<format>' -d 'match[]=<timeseries_selector_for_export>' -d 'start=1654543486' -d 'end=1654543486'
curl http://<victoriametrics-addr>:8428/api/v1/export/csv -d 'format=<format>' -d 'match[]=<timeseries_selector_for_export>' -d 'start=2022-06-06T19:25:48' -d 'end=2022-06-06T19:29:07'
```

The exported CSV data can be imported to VictoriaMetrics via [/api/v1/import/csv](#how-to-import-csv-data).

The [deduplication](#deduplication) is applied for the data exported in CSV by default. It is possible to export raw data without de-duplication by passing `reduce_mem_usage=1` query arg to `/api/v1/export/csv`.

### How to export data in native format

Send a request to `http://<victoriametrics-addr>:8428/api/v1/export/native?match[]=<timeseries_selector_for_export>`,
where `<timeseries_selector_for_export>` may contain any [time series selector](https://prometheus.io/docs/prometheus/latest/querying/basics/#time-series-selectors)
for metrics to export. Use `{__name__=~".*"}` selector for fetching all the time series.

On large databases you may experience problems with limit on the number of time series, which can be exported. In this case you need to adjust `-search.maxExportSeries` command-line flag:

```sh
# count unique time series in database
wget -O- -q 'http://your_victoriametrics_instance:8428/api/v1/series/count' | jq '.data[0]'

# relaunch victoriametrics with search.maxExportSeries more than value from previous command
```

Optional `start` and `end` args may be added to the request in order to limit the time frame for the exported data.
See [allowed formats](#timestamp-formats) for these args.

For example:
```sh
curl http://<victoriametrics-addr>:8428/api/v1/export/native -d 'match[]=<timeseries_selector_for_export>' -d 'start=1654543486' -d 'end=1654543486'
curl http://<victoriametrics-addr>:8428/api/v1/export/native -d 'match[]=<timeseries_selector_for_export>' -d 'start=2022-06-06T19:25:48' -d 'end=2022-06-06T19:29:07'
```

The exported data can be imported to VictoriaMetrics via [/api/v1/import/native](#how-to-import-data-in-native-format).
The native export format may change in incompatible way between VictoriaMetrics releases, so the data exported from the release X
can fail to be imported into VictoriaMetrics release Y.

The [deduplication](#deduplication) isn't applied for the data exported in native format. It is expected that the de-duplication is performed during data import.

## How to import time series data

VictoriaMetrics can discover and scrape metrics from Prometheus-compatible targets (aka "pull" protocol) -
see [these docs](#how-to-scrape-prometheus-exporters-such-as-node-exporter).
Additionally, VictoriaMetrics can accept metrics via the following popular data ingestion protocols (aka "push" protocols):

* [Prometheus remote_write API](https://prometheus.io/docs/prometheus/latest/configuration/configuration/#remote_write). See [these docs](#prometheus-setup) for details.
* DataDog `submit metrics` API. See [these docs](#how-to-send-data-from-datadog-agent) for details.
* InfluxDB line protocol. See [these docs](#how-to-send-data-from-influxdb-compatible-agents-such-as-telegraf) for details.
* Graphite plaintext protocol. See [these docs](#how-to-send-data-from-graphite-compatible-agents-such-as-statsd) for details.
* OpenTelemetry http API. See [these docs](#sending-data-via-opentelemetry) for details.
* OpenTSDB telnet put protocol. See [these docs](#sending-data-via-telnet-put-protocol) for details.
* OpenTSDB http `/api/put` protocol. See [these docs](#sending-opentsdb-data-via-http-apiput-requests) for details.
* `/api/v1/import` for importing data obtained from [/api/v1/export](#how-to-export-data-in-json-line-format).
  See [these docs](#how-to-import-data-in-json-line-format) for details.
* `/api/v1/import/native` for importing data obtained from [/api/v1/export/native](#how-to-export-data-in-native-format).
  See [these docs](#how-to-import-data-in-native-format) for details.
* `/api/v1/import/csv` for importing arbitrary CSV data. See [these docs](#how-to-import-csv-data) for details.
* `/api/v1/import/prometheus` for importing data in Prometheus exposition format and in [Pushgateway format](https://github.com/prometheus/pushgateway#url).
  See [these docs](#how-to-import-data-in-prometheus-exposition-format) for details.

Please note, most of the ingestion APIs (except [Prometheus remote_write API](https://prometheus.io/docs/prometheus/latest/configuration/configuration/#remote_write))
are optimized for performance and processes data in a streaming fashion.
It means that client can transfer unlimited amount of data through the open connection. Because of this, import APIs
may not return parsing errors to the client, as it is expected for data stream to be not interrupted. 
Instead, look for parsing errors on the server side (VictoriaMetrics single-node or vminsert) or
check for changes in `vm_rows_invalid_total` (exported by server side) metric.

### How to import data in JSON line format

VictoriaMetrics accepts metrics data in JSON line format at `/api/v1/import` endpoint. See [these docs](#json-line-format) for details on this format.

Example for importing data obtained via [/api/v1/export](#how-to-export-data-in-json-line-format):

```sh
# Export the data from <source-victoriametrics>:
curl http://source-victoriametrics:8428/api/v1/export -d 'match={__name__!=""}' > exported_data.jsonl

# Import the data to <destination-victoriametrics>:
curl -X POST http://destination-victoriametrics:8428/api/v1/import -T exported_data.jsonl
```

Pass `Content-Encoding: gzip` HTTP request header to `/api/v1/import` for importing gzipped data:

```sh
# Export gzipped data from <source-victoriametrics>:
curl -H 'Accept-Encoding: gzip' http://source-victoriametrics:8428/api/v1/export -d 'match={__name__!=""}' > exported_data.jsonl.gz

# Import gzipped data to <destination-victoriametrics>:
curl -X POST -H 'Content-Encoding: gzip' http://destination-victoriametrics:8428/api/v1/import -T exported_data.jsonl.gz
```

Extra labels may be added to all the imported time series by passing `extra_label=name=value` query args.
For example, `/api/v1/import?extra_label=foo=bar` would add `"foo":"bar"` label to all the imported time series.

Note that it could be required to flush response cache after importing historical data. See [these docs](#backfilling) for detail.

VictoriaMetrics parses input JSON lines one-by-one. It loads the whole JSON line in memory, then parses it and then saves the parsed samples into persistent storage.
This means that VictoriaMetrics can occupy big amounts of RAM when importing too long JSON lines.
The solution is to split too long JSON lines into shorter lines. It is OK if samples for a single time series are split among multiple JSON lines.
JSON line length can be limited via `max_rows_per_line` query arg when exporting via [/api/v1/export](#how-to-export-data-in-json-line-format).

The maximum JSON line length, which can be parsed by VictoriaMetrics, is limited by `-import.maxLineLen` command-line flag value.

### How to import data in native format

The specification of VictoriaMetrics' native format may yet change and is not formally documented yet. So currently we do not recommend that external clients attempt to pack their own metrics in native format file.

If you have a native format file obtained via [/api/v1/export/native](#how-to-export-data-in-native-format) however this is the most efficient protocol for importing data in.

```sh
# Export the data from <source-victoriametrics>:
curl http://source-victoriametrics:8428/api/v1/export/native -d 'match={__name__!=""}' > exported_data.bin

# Import the data to <destination-victoriametrics>:
curl -X POST http://destination-victoriametrics:8428/api/v1/import/native -T exported_data.bin
```

Extra labels may be added to all the imported time series by passing `extra_label=name=value` query args.
For example, `/api/v1/import/native?extra_label=foo=bar` would add `"foo":"bar"` label to all the imported time series.

Note that it could be required to flush response cache after importing historical data. See [these docs](#backfilling) for detail.

### How to import CSV data

Arbitrary CSV data can be imported via `/api/v1/import/csv`. The CSV data is imported according to the provided `format` query arg.
The `format` query arg must contain comma-separated list of parsing rules for CSV fields. Each rule consists of three parts delimited by a colon:

```text
<column_pos>:<type>:<context>
```

* `<column_pos>` is the position of the CSV column (field). Column numbering starts from 1. The order of parsing rules may be arbitrary.
* `<type>` describes the column type. Supported types are:
  * `metric` - the corresponding CSV column at `<column_pos>` contains metric value, which must be integer or floating-point number.
    The metric name is read from the `<context>`. CSV line must have at least a single metric field. Multiple metric fields per CSV line is OK.
  * `label` - the corresponding CSV column at `<column_pos>` contains label value. The label name is read from the `<context>`.
    CSV line may have arbitrary number of label fields. All these labels are attached to all the configured metrics.
  * `time` - the corresponding CSV column at `<column_pos>` contains metric time. CSV line may contain either one or zero columns with time.
    If CSV line has no time, then the current time is used. The time is applied to all the configured metrics.
    The format of the time is configured via `<context>`. Supported time formats are:
    * `unix_s` - unix timestamp in seconds.
    * `unix_ms` - unix timestamp in milliseconds.
    * `unix_ns` - unix timestamp in nanoseconds. Note that VictoriaMetrics rounds the timestamp to milliseconds.
    * `rfc3339` - timestamp in [RFC3339](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3339) format, i.e. `2006-01-02T15:04:05Z`.
    * `custom:<layout>` - custom layout for the timestamp. The `<layout>` may contain arbitrary time layout according to [time.Parse rules in Go](https://golang.org/pkg/time/#Parse).

Each request to `/api/v1/import/csv` may contain arbitrary number of CSV lines.

Example for importing CSV data via `/api/v1/import/csv`:

```sh
curl -d "GOOG,1.23,4.56,NYSE" 'http://localhost:8428/api/v1/import/csv?format=2:metric:ask,3:metric:bid,1:label:ticker,4:label:market'
curl -d "MSFT,3.21,1.67,NASDAQ" 'http://localhost:8428/api/v1/import/csv?format=2:metric:ask,3:metric:bid,1:label:ticker,4:label:market'
```

After that the data may be read via [/api/v1/export](#how-to-export-data-in-json-line-format) endpoint:

```sh
curl -G 'http://localhost:8428/api/v1/export' -d 'match[]={ticker!=""}'
```

The following response should be returned:

```json
{"metric":{"__name__":"bid","market":"NASDAQ","ticker":"MSFT"},"values":[1.67],"timestamps":[1583865146520]}
{"metric":{"__name__":"bid","market":"NYSE","ticker":"GOOG"},"values":[4.56],"timestamps":[1583865146495]}
{"metric":{"__name__":"ask","market":"NASDAQ","ticker":"MSFT"},"values":[3.21],"timestamps":[1583865146520]}
{"metric":{"__name__":"ask","market":"NYSE","ticker":"GOOG"},"values":[1.23],"timestamps":[1583865146495]}
```

Extra labels may be added to all the imported lines by passing `extra_label=name=value` query args.
For example, `/api/v1/import/csv?extra_label=foo=bar` would add `"foo":"bar"` label to all the imported lines.

Note that it could be required to flush response cache after importing historical data. See [these docs](#backfilling) for detail.

### How to import data in Prometheus exposition format

VictoriaMetrics accepts data in [Prometheus exposition format](https://github.com/prometheus/docs/blob/master/content/docs/instrumenting/exposition_formats.md#text-based-format),
in [OpenMetrics format](https://github.com/OpenObservability/OpenMetrics/blob/master/specification/OpenMetrics.md)
and in [Pushgateway format](https://github.com/prometheus/pushgateway#url) via `/api/v1/import/prometheus` path.

For example, the following command imports a single line in Prometheus exposition format into VictoriaMetrics:


```sh
curl -d 'foo{bar="baz"} 123' -X POST 'http://localhost:8428/api/v1/import/prometheus'
```


The following command may be used for verifying the imported data:


```sh
curl -G 'http://localhost:8428/api/v1/export' -d 'match={__name__=~"foo"}'
```


It should return something like the following:

```json
{"metric":{"__name__":"foo","bar":"baz"},"values":[123],"timestamps":[1594370496905]}
```

The following command imports a single metric via [Pushgateway format](https://github.com/prometheus/pushgateway#url) with `{job="my_app",instance="host123"}` labels:


```sh
curl -d 'metric{label="abc"} 123' -X POST 'http://localhost:8428/api/v1/import/prometheus/metrics/job/my_app/instance/host123'
```


Pass `Content-Encoding: gzip` HTTP request header to `/api/v1/import/prometheus` for importing gzipped data:


```sh
# Import gzipped data to <destination-victoriametrics>:
curl -X POST -H 'Content-Encoding: gzip' http://destination-victoriametrics:8428/api/v1/import/prometheus -T prometheus_data.gz
```


Extra labels may be added to all the imported metrics either via [Pushgateway format](https://github.com/prometheus/pushgateway#url)
or by passing `extra_label=name=value` query args. For example, `/api/v1/import/prometheus?extra_label=foo=bar` would add `{foo="bar"}` label to all the imported metrics.

If timestamp is missing in `<metric> <value> <timestamp>` Prometheus exposition format line, then the current timestamp is used during data ingestion.
It can be overridden by passing unix timestamp in *milliseconds* via `timestamp` query arg. For example, `/api/v1/import/prometheus?timestamp=1594370496905`.

VictoriaMetrics accepts arbitrary number of lines in a single request to `/api/v1/import/prometheus`, i.e. it supports data streaming.

Note that it could be required to flush response cache after importing historical data. See [these docs](#backfilling) for detail.

VictoriaMetrics also may scrape Prometheus targets - see [these docs](#how-to-scrape-prometheus-exporters-such-as-node-exporter).

### Sending data via OpenTelemetry

VictoriaMetrics supports data ingestion via [OpenTelemetry protocol for metrics](https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-specification/blob/ffddc289462dfe0c2041e3ca42a7b1df805706de/specification/metrics/data-model.md) at `/opentelemetry/v1/metrics` path.

VictoriaMetrics expects `protobuf`-encoded requests at `/opentelemetry/v1/metrics`.
Set HTTP request header `Content-Encoding: gzip` when sending gzip-compressed data to `/opentelemetry/v1/metrics`.

VictoriaMetrics stores the ingested OpenTelemetry [raw samples](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyconcepts/#raw-samples) as is without any transformations.
Pass `-opentelemetry.usePrometheusNaming` command-line flag to VictoriaMetrics for automatic conversion of metric names and labels into Prometheus-compatible format.

See [How to use OpenTelemetry metrics with VictoriaMetrics](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/guides/getting-started-with-opentelemetry/).

## JSON line format

VictoriaMetrics accepts data in JSON line format at [/api/v1/import](#how-to-import-data-in-json-line-format)
and exports data in this format at [/api/v1/export](#how-to-export-data-in-json-line-format).

The format follows [JSON streaming concept](https://jsonlines.org/), e.g. each line contains JSON object with metrics data in the following format:

```json
{
  // metric contans metric name plus labels for a particular time series
  "metric":{
    "__name__": "metric_name",  // <- this is metric name

    // Other labels for the time series

    "label1": "value1",
    "label2": "value2",
    ...
    "labelN": "valueN"
  },

  // values contains raw sample values for the given time series
  "values": [1, 2.345, -678],

  // timestamps contains raw sample UNIX timestamps in milliseconds for the given time series
  // every timestamp is associated with the value at the corresponding position
  "timestamps": [1549891472010,1549891487724,1549891503438]
}
```

Note that every JSON object must be written in a single line, e.g. all the newline chars must be removed from it.
[/api/v1/import](#how-to-import-data-in-json-line-format) handler doesn't accept JSON lines longer than the value
passed to `-import.maxLineLen` command-line flag (by default this is 10MB).

It is recommended passing 1K-10K samples per line for achieving the maximum data ingestion performance at [/api/v1/import](#how-to-import-data-in-json-line-format).
Too long JSON lines may increase RAM usage at VictoriaMetrics side.

[/api/v1/export](#how-to-export-data-in-json-line-format) handler accepts `max_rows_per_line` query arg, which allows limiting the number of samples per each exported line.

It is OK to split [raw samples](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyconcepts/#raw-samples)
for the same [time series](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyconcepts/#time-series) across multiple lines.

The number of lines in the request to [/api/v1/import](#how-to-import-data-in-json-line-format) can be arbitrary - they are imported in streaming manner.

## Relabeling

VictoriaMetrics supports Prometheus-compatible relabeling for all the ingested metrics if `-relabelConfig` command-line flag points
to a file containing a list of [relabel_config](https://prometheus.io/docs/prometheus/latest/configuration/configuration/#relabel_config) entries.
The `-relabelConfig` also can point to http or https url. For example, `-relabelConfig=https://config-server/relabel_config.yml`.

The following docs can be useful in understanding the relabeling:

* [Cookbook for common relabeling tasks](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/relabeling/).
* [Relabeling tips and tricks](https://valyala.medium.com/how-to-use-relabeling-in-prometheus-and-victoriametrics-8b90fc22c4b2).

The `-relabelConfig` files can contain special placeholders in the form `%{ENV_VAR}`, which are replaced by the corresponding environment variable values.

Example contents for `-relabelConfig` file:

```yaml
# Add {cluster="dev"} label.
- target_label: cluster
  replacement: dev

# Drop the metric (or scrape target) with `{__meta_kubernetes_pod_container_init="true"}` label.
- action: drop
  source_labels: [__meta_kubernetes_pod_container_init]
  regex: true
```

VictoriaMetrics provides additional relabeling features such as Graphite-style relabeling.
See [these docs](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmagent/#relabeling) for more details.

The relabeling can be debugged at `http://victoriametrics:8428/metric-relabel-debug` page
or at our [public playground](https://play.victoriametrics.com/select/accounting/1/6a716b0f-38bc-4856-90ce-448fd713e3fe/prometheus/graph/#/relabeling).
See [these docs](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmagent/#relabel-debug) for more details.


## Federation

VictoriaMetrics exports [Prometheus-compatible federation data](https://prometheus.io/docs/prometheus/latest/federation/)
at `http://<victoriametrics-addr>:8428/federate?match[]=<timeseries_selector_for_federation>`.

Optional `start` and `end` args may be added to the request in order to scrape the last point for each selected time series on the `[start ... end]` interval.
See [allowed formats](#timestamp-formats) for these args.

For example:
```sh
curl http://<victoriametrics-addr>:8428/federate -d 'match[]=<timeseries_selector_for_export>' -d 'start=1654543486' -d 'end=1654543486'
curl http://<victoriametrics-addr>:8428/federate -d 'match[]=<timeseries_selector_for_export>' -d 'start=2022-06-06T19:25:48' -d 'end=2022-06-06T19:29:07'
```
By default, the last point on the interval `[now - max_lookback ... now]` is scraped for each time series. The default value for `max_lookback` is `5m` (5 minutes), but it can be overridden with `max_lookback` query arg.
For instance, `/federate?match[]=up&max_lookback=1h` would return last points on the `[now - 1h ... now]` interval. This may be useful for time series federation
with scrape intervals exceeding `5m`.

## Capacity planning

VictoriaMetrics uses lower amounts of CPU, RAM and storage space on production workloads compared to competing solutions (Prometheus, Thanos, Cortex, TimescaleDB, InfluxDB, QuestDB, M3DB) according to [our case studies](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/casestudies/).

VictoriaMetrics capacity scales linearly with the available resources. The needed amounts of CPU and RAM highly depends on the workload - the number of [active time series](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/faq/#what-is-an-active-time-series), series [churn rate](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/faq/#what-is-high-churn-rate), query types, query qps, etc. It is recommended setting up a test VictoriaMetrics for your production workload and iteratively scaling CPU and RAM resources until it becomes stable according to [troubleshooting docs](#troubleshooting). A single-node VictoriaMetrics works perfectly with the following production workload according to [our case studies](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/casestudies/):

* Ingestion rate: 1.5+ million samples per second
* Active time series: 50+ million
* Total time series: 5+ billion
* Time series churn rate: 150+ million of new series per day
* Total number of samples: 10+ trillion
* Queries: 200+ qps
* Query latency (99th percentile): 1 second

The needed storage space for the given retention (the retention is set via `-retentionPeriod` command-line flag) can be extrapolated from disk space usage in a test run. For example, if `-storageDataPath` directory size becomes 10GB after a day-long test run on a production workload, then it will need at least `10GB*100=1TB` of disk space for `-retentionPeriod=100d` (100-days retention period).

It is recommended leaving the following amounts of spare resources:

* 50% of free RAM for reducing the probability of OOM (out of memory) crashes and slowdowns during temporary spikes in workload.
* 50% of spare CPU for reducing the probability of slowdowns during temporary spikes in workload.
* At least [20% of free storage space](#storage) at the directory pointed by `-storageDataPath` command-line flag. See also `-storage.minFreeDiskSpaceBytes` command-line flag description [here](#list-of-command-line-flags).

See also [resource usage limits docs](#resource-usage-limits).

## Resource usage limits

By default, VictoriaMetrics is tuned for an optimal resource usage under typical workloads. Some workloads may need fine-grained resource usage limits. In these cases the following command-line flags may be useful:

- `-memory.allowedPercent` and `-memory.allowedBytes` limit the amounts of memory, which may be used for various internal caches at VictoriaMetrics.
  Note that VictoriaMetrics may use more memory, since these flags don't limit additional memory, which may be needed on a per-query basis.
- `-search.maxMemoryPerQuery` limits the amounts of memory, which can be used for processing a single query. Queries, which need more memory, are rejected.
  Heavy queries, which select big number of time series, may exceed the per-query memory limit by a small percent. The total memory limit
  for concurrently executed queries can be estimated as `-search.maxMemoryPerQuery` multiplied by `-search.maxConcurrentRequests`.
- `-search.maxUniqueTimeseries` limits the number of unique time series a single query can find and process. VictoriaMetrics keeps in memory
  some metainformation about the time series located by each query and spends some CPU time for processing the found time series.
  This means that the maximum memory usage and CPU usage a single query can use is proportional to `-search.maxUniqueTimeseries`.
- `-search.maxQueryDuration` limits the duration of a single query. If the query takes longer than the given duration, then it is canceled.
  This allows saving CPU and RAM when executing unexpected heavy queries.
  The limit can be altered for each query by passing `timeout` GET parameter, but can't exceed the limit specified via `-search.maxQueryDuration` command-line flag.
- `-search.maxConcurrentRequests` limits the number of concurrent requests VictoriaMetrics can process. Bigger number of concurrent requests usually means
  bigger memory usage. For example, if a single query needs 100 MiB of additional memory during its execution, then 100 concurrent queries may need `100 * 100 MiB = 10 GiB`
  of additional memory. So it is better to limit the number of concurrent queries, while pausing additional incoming queries if the concurrency limit is reached.
  VictoriaMetrics provides `-search.maxQueueDuration` command-line flag for limiting the max wait time for paused queries. See also `-search.maxMemoryPerQuery` command-line flag.
- `-search.maxQueueDuration` limits the maximum duration queries may wait for execution when `-search.maxConcurrentRequests` concurrent queries are executed.
- `-search.ignoreExtraFiltersAtLabelsAPI` enables ignoring of `match[]`, [`extra_filters[]` and `extra_label`](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/#prometheus-querying-api-enhancements)
  query args at [/api/v1/labels](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/url-examples/#apiv1labels) and
  [/api/v1/label/.../values](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/url-examples/#apiv1labelvalues).
  This may be useful for reducing the load on VictoriaMetrics if the provided extra filters match too many time series.
  The downside is that the endpoints can return labels and series, which do not match the provided extra filters.
- `-search.maxSamplesPerSeries` limits the number of raw samples the query can process per each time series. VictoriaMetrics sequentially processes
  raw samples per each found time series during the query. It unpacks raw samples on the selected time range per each time series into memory
  and then applies the given [rollup function](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/metricsql/#rollup-functions). The `-search.maxSamplesPerSeries` command-line flag
  allows limiting memory usage in the case when the query is executed on a time range, which contains hundreds of millions of raw samples per each located time series.
- `-search.maxSamplesPerQuery` limits the number of raw samples a single query can process. This allows limiting CPU usage for heavy queries.
- `-search.maxResponseSeries` limits the number of time series a single query can return from [`/api/v1/query`](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyconcepts/#instant-query)
  and [`/api/v1/query_range`](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyconcepts/#range-query).
- `-search.maxPointsPerTimeseries` limits the number of calculated points, which can be returned per each matching time series
  from [range query](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyconcepts/#range-query).
- `-search.maxPointsSubqueryPerTimeseries` limits the number of calculated points, which can be generated per each matching time series
  during [subquery](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/metricsql/#subqueries) evaluation.
- `-search.maxSeriesPerAggrFunc` limits the number of time series, which can be generated by [MetricsQL aggregate functions](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/metricsql/#aggregate-functions)
  in a single query.
- `-search.maxSeries` limits the number of time series, which may be returned from [/api/v1/series](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/url-examples/#apiv1series).
  This endpoint is used mostly by Grafana for auto-completion of metric names, label names and label values. Queries to this endpoint may take big amounts
  of CPU time and memory when the database contains big number of unique time series because of [high churn rate](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/faq/#what-is-high-churn-rate).
  In this case it might be useful to set the `-search.maxSeries` to quite low value in order limit CPU and memory usage.
  See also `-search.maxLabelsAPIDuration` and `-search.maxLabelsAPISeries`.
- `-search.maxTagKeys` limits the number of items, which may be returned from [/api/v1/labels](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/url-examples/#apiv1labels).
  This endpoint is used mostly by Grafana for auto-completion of label names. Queries to this endpoint may take big amounts of CPU time and memory
  when the database contains big number of unique time series because of [high churn rate](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/faq/#what-is-high-churn-rate).
  In this case it might be useful to set the `-search.maxTagKeys` to quite low value in order to limit CPU and memory usage.
  See also `-search.maxLabelsAPIDuration` and `-search.maxLabelsAPISeries`.
- `-search.maxTagValues` limits the number of items, which may be returned from [/api/v1/label/.../values](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/url-examples/#apiv1labelvalues).
  This endpoint is used mostly by Grafana for auto-completion of label values. Queries to this endpoint may take big amounts of CPU time and memory
  when the database contains big number of unique time series because of [high churn rate](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/faq/#what-is-high-churn-rate).
  In this case it might be useful to set the `-search.maxTagValues` to quite low value in order to limit CPU and memory usage.
  See also `-search.maxLabelsAPIDuration` and `-search.maxLabelsAPISeries`.
- `-search.maxLabelsAPISeries` limits the number of time series, which can be scanned when performing [/api/v1/labels](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/url-examples/#apiv1labels),
  [/api/v1/label/.../values](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/url-examples/#apiv1labelvalues)
  or [/api/v1/series](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/url-examples/#apiv1series) requests.
  These endpoints are used mostly by Grafana for auto-completion of label names and label values. Queries to these endpoints may take big amounts of CPU time and memory
  when the database contains big number of unique time series because of [high churn rate](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/faq/#what-is-high-churn-rate).
  In this case it might be useful to set the `-search.maxLabelsAPISeries` to quite low value in order to limit CPU and memory usage.
  See also `-search.maxLabelsAPIDuration` and `-search.ignoreExtraFiltersAtLabelsAPI`.
- `-search.maxLabelsAPIDuration` limits the duration for requests to [/api/v1/labels](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/url-examples/#apiv1labels),
  [/api/v1/label/.../values](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/url-examples/#apiv1labelvalues)
  or [/api/v1/series](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/url-examples/#apiv1series).
  The limit can be altered for each query by passing `timeout` GET parameter, but can't exceed the limit specified via cmd-line flag.
  These endpoints are used mostly by Grafana for auto-completion of label names and label values. Queries to these endpoints may take big amounts of CPU time and memory
  when the database contains big number of unique time series because of [high churn rate](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/faq/#what-is-high-churn-rate).
  In this case it might be useful to set the `-search.maxLabelsAPIDuration` to quite low value in order to limit CPU and memory usage.
  See also `-search.maxLabelsAPISeries` and `-search.ignoreExtraFiltersAtLabelsAPI`.
- `-search.maxTagValueSuffixesPerSearch` limits the number of entries, which may be returned from `/metrics/find` endpoint. See [Graphite Metrics API usage docs](#graphite-metrics-api-usage).

See also [resource usage limits at VictoriaMetrics cluster](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/cluster-victoriametrics/#resource-usage-limits),
[cardinality limiter](#cardinality-limiter) and [capacity planning docs](#capacity-planning).


## High availability

The general approach for achieving high availability is the following:

- To run two identically configured VictoriaMetrics instances in distinct datacenters (availability zones);
- To store the collected data simultaneously into these instances via [vmagent](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmagent/) or Prometheus.
- To query the first VictoriaMetrics instance and to fail over to the second instance when the first instance becomes temporarily unavailable.
  This can be done via [vmauth](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmauth/) according to [these docs](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmauth/#high-availability).

Such a setup guarantees that the collected data isn't lost when one of VictoriaMetrics instance becomes unavailable.
The collected data continues to be written to the available VictoriaMetrics instance, so it should be available for querying.
Both [vmagent](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmagent/) and Prometheus buffer the collected data locally if they cannot send it
to the configured remote storage. So the collected data will be written to the temporarily unavailable VictoriaMetrics instance
after it becomes available.

If you use [vmagent](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmagent/) for storing the data into VictoriaMetrics,
then it can be configured with multiple `-remoteWrite.url` command-line flags, where every flag points to the VictoriaMetrics
instance in a particular availability zone, in order to replicate the collected data to all the VictoriaMetrics instances.
For example, the following command instructs `vmagent` to replicate data to `vm-az1` and `vm-az2` instances of VictoriaMetrics:

```sh
/path/to/vmagent \
  -remoteWrite.url=http://<vm-az1>:8428/api/v1/write \
  -remoteWrite.url=http://<vm-az2>:8428/api/v1/write
```

If you use Prometheus for collecting and writing the data to VictoriaMetrics,
then the following [`remote_write`](https://prometheus.io/docs/prometheus/latest/configuration/configuration/#remote_write) section
in Prometheus config can be used for replicating the collected data to `vm-az1` and `vm-az2` VictoriaMetrics instances:

```yaml
remote_write:
  - url: http://<vm-az1>:8428/api/v1/write
  - url: http://<vm-az2>:8428/api/v1/write
```

It is recommended to use [vmagent](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmagent/) instead of Prometheus for highly loaded setups,
since it uses lower amounts of RAM, CPU and network bandwidth than Prometheus.

If you use identically configured [vmagent](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmagent/) instances for collecting the same data
and sending it to VictoriaMetrics, then do not forget enabling [deduplication](#deduplication) at VictoriaMetrics side.

## Deduplication

VictoriaMetrics leaves a single [raw sample](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyconcepts/#raw-samples)
with the biggest [timestamp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_time) for each [time series](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyconcepts/#time-series)
per each `-dedup.minScrapeInterval` discrete interval if `-dedup.minScrapeInterval` is set to positive duration. 
For example, `-dedup.minScrapeInterval=60s` would leave a single raw sample with the biggest timestamp per each discrete
`60s` interval.
This aligns with the [staleness rules in Prometheus](https://prometheus.io/docs/prometheus/latest/querying/basics/#staleness).

If multiple raw samples have **the same timestamp** on the given `-dedup.minScrapeInterval` discrete interval, 
then the sample with **the biggest value** is kept.

[Prometheus staleness markers](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmagent/#prometheus-staleness-markers) are processed as any other value during de-duplication.
If raw sample with the biggest timestamp on `-dedup.minScrapeInterval` contains a stale marker, then it is kept after the deduplication.
This allows properly preserving staleness markers during the de-duplication.

Please note, [labels](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyconcepts/#labels) of raw samples should be identical
in order to be deduplicated. For example, this is why [HA pair of vmagents](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmagent/#high-availability)
needs to be identically configured. 

The `-dedup.minScrapeInterval=D` is equivalent to `-downsampling.period=0s:D` if [downsampling](#downsampling) is enabled.
So it is safe to use deduplication and downsampling simultaneously.

The recommended value for `-dedup.minScrapeInterval` must equal to `scrape_interval` config from Prometheus configs. 
It is recommended to have a single `scrape_interval` across all the scrape targets. 
See [this article](https://www.robustperception.io/keep-it-simple-scrape_interval-id) for details.

The de-duplication reduces disk space usage if multiple **identically configured** [vmagent](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmagent/)
or Prometheus instances in HA pair write data to the same VictoriaMetrics instance. 
These vmagent or Prometheus instances must have **identical** `external_labels` section in their configs, 
so they write data to the same time series. 
See also [how to set up multiple vmagent instances for scraping the same targets](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmagent/#scraping-big-number-of-targets).

It is recommended passing different `-promscrape.cluster.name` values to each distinct HA pair of `vmagent` instances, 
so the de-duplication consistently leaves samples for one `vmagent` instance and removes duplicate samples 
from other `vmagent` instances. 
See [these docs](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmagent/#high-availability) for details.

VictoriaMetrics stores all the ingested samples to disk even if `-dedup.minScrapeInterval` command-line flag is set.
The ingested samples are de-duplicated during [background merges](#storage) and during query execution.
VictoriaMetrics also supports de-duplication during data ingestion before the data is stored to disk, via `-streamAggr.dedupInterval` command-line flag -
see [these docs](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/stream-aggregation/#deduplication).


## Storage

VictoriaMetrics buffers the ingested data in memory for up to a second. Then the buffered data is written to in-memory `parts`,
which can be searched during queries. The in-memory `parts` are periodically persisted to disk, so they could survive unclean shutdown
such as out of memory crash, hardware power loss or `SIGKILL` signal. The interval for flushing the in-memory data to disk
can be configured with the `-inmemoryDataFlushInterval` command-line flag (note that too short flush interval may significantly increase disk IO).

In-memory parts are persisted to disk into `part` directories under the `<-storageDataPath>/data/small/YYYY_MM/` folder,
where `YYYY_MM` is the month partition for the stored data. For example, `2022_11` is the partition for `parts`
with [raw samples](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyconcepts/#raw-samples) from `November 2022`.
Each partition directory contains `parts.json` file with the actual list of parts in the partition.

Every `part` directory contains `metadata.json` file with the following fields:

- `RowsCount` - the number of [raw samples](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyconcepts/#raw-samples) stored in the part
- `BlocksCount` - the number of blocks stored in the part (see details about blocks below)
- `MinTimestamp` and `MaxTimestamp` - minimum and maximum timestamps across raw samples stored in the part
- `MinDedupInterval` - the [deduplication interval](#deduplication) applied to the given part.

Each `part` consists of `blocks` sorted by internal time series id (aka `TSID`).
Each `block` contains up to 8K [raw samples](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyconcepts/#raw-samples),
which belong to a single [time series](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyconcepts/#time-series).
Raw samples in each block are sorted by `timestamp`. Blocks for the same time series are sorted
by the `timestamp` of the first sample. Timestamps and values for all the blocks
are stored in [compressed form](https://faun.pub/victoriametrics-achieving-better-compression-for-time-series-data-than-gorilla-317bc1f95932)
in separate files under `part` directory - `timestamps.bin` and `values.bin`.

The `part` directory also contains `index.bin` and `metaindex.bin` files - these files contain index
for fast block lookups, which belong to the given `TSID` and cover the given time range.

`Parts` are periodically merged into bigger parts in background. The background merge provides the following benefits:

* keeping the number of data files under control, so they don't exceed limits on open files
* improved data compression, since bigger parts are usually compressed better than smaller parts
* improved query speed, since queries over smaller number of parts are executed faster
* various background maintenance tasks such as [de-duplication](#deduplication), [downsampling](#downsampling)
  and [freeing up disk space for the deleted time series](#how-to-delete-time-series) are performed during the merge

Newly added `parts` either successfully appear in the storage or fail to appear.
The newly added `part` is atomically registered in the `parts.json` file under the corresponding partition
after it is fully written and [fsynced](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/fsync.2.html) to the storage.
Thanks to this algorithm, storage never contains partially created parts, even if hardware power off
occurs in the middle of writing the `part` to disk - such incompletely written `parts`
are automatically deleted on the next VictoriaMetrics start.

The same applies to merge process — `parts` are either fully merged into a new `part` or fail to merge,
leaving the source `parts` untouched. However, due to hardware issues data on disk may be corrupted regardless of
VictoriaMetrics process. VictoriaMetrics can detect corruption during decompressing, decoding or sanity checking
of the data blocks. But **it cannot fix the corrupted data**. Data parts that fail to load on startup need to be deleted
or restored from backups. This is why it is recommended performing
[regular backups](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/cluster-victoriametrics/#backups).

VictoriaMetrics doesn't use checksums for stored data blocks. See why [here](https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/issues/3011).

VictoriaMetrics doesn't merge parts if their summary size exceeds free disk space.
This prevents from potential out of disk space errors during merge.
The number of parts may significantly increase over time under free disk space shortage.
This increases overhead during data querying, since VictoriaMetrics needs to read data from
bigger number of parts per each request. That's why it is recommended to have at least 20%
of free disk space under directory pointed by `-storageDataPath` command-line flag.

Information about merging process is available in [the dashboard for single-node VictoriaMetrics](https://grafana.com/grafana/dashboards/10229)
and [the dashboard for VictoriaMetrics cluster](https://grafana.com/grafana/dashboards/11176).
See more details in [monitoring docs](#monitoring).

See [this article](https://valyala.medium.com/how-victoriametrics-makes-instant-snapshots-for-multi-terabyte-time-series-data-e1f3fb0e0282) for more details.

See also [how to work with snapshots](#how-to-work-with-snapshots).

## Retention

Retention is configured with the `-retentionPeriod` command-line flag, which takes a number followed by a time unit 
character - `h(ours)`, `d(ays)`, `w(eeks)`, `y(ears)`. If the time unit is not specified, a month (31 days) is assumed.
For instance, `-retentionPeriod=3` means that the data will be stored for 3 months (93 days) and then deleted.
The default retention period is one month. The **minimum retention** period is 24h or 1d.

Data is split in per-month partitions inside `<-storageDataPath>/data/{small,big}` folders.
**Data partitions** outside the configured retention are deleted **on the first day of the new month**.
Each partition consists of one or more **data parts**. Data parts outside the configured retention 
are **eventually deleted** during [background merge](https://medium.com/@valyala/how-victoriametrics-makes-instant-snapshots-for-multi-terabyte-time-series-data-e1f3fb0e0282).
The time range covered by data part is **not limited by retention period unit**. One data part can cover hours or days of 
data. Hence, a data part can be deleted only **when fully outside the configured retention**.
See more about partitions and parts [here](#storage).

The maximum disk space usage for a given `-retentionPeriod` is going to be (`-retentionPeriod` + 1) months.
For example, if `-retentionPeriod` is set to 1, data for January is deleted on March 1st.

It is safe to extend `-retentionPeriod` on existing data. If `-retentionPeriod` is set to a lower
value than before, then data outside the configured period will be eventually deleted.

VictoriaMetrics does not support indefinite retention, but you can specify an arbitrarily high duration, e.g. `-retentionPeriod=100y`.

## Multiple retentions

Distinct retentions for distinct time series can be configured via [retention filters](#retention-filters)
in [VictoriaMetrics enterprise](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/enterprise/).

Community version of VictoriaMetrics supports only a single retention, which can be configured via [-retentionPeriod](#retention) command-line flag.
If you need multiple retentions in community version of VictoriaMetrics, then you may start multiple VictoriaMetrics instances with distinct values for the following flags:

* `-retentionPeriod`
* `-storageDataPath`, so the data for each retention period is saved in a separate directory
* `-httpListenAddr`, so clients may reach VictoriaMetrics instance with proper retention

Then set up [vmauth](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmauth/) in front of VictoriaMetrics instances,
so it could route requests from particular user to VictoriaMetrics with the desired retention.

Similar scheme can be applied for multiple tenants in [VictoriaMetrics cluster](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/cluster-victoriametrics/).
See [these docs](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/guides/guide-vmcluster-multiple-retention-setup.html) for multi-retention setup details.

## Retention filters

[Enterprise version of VictoriaMetrics](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/enterprise/) supports e.g. `retention filters`,
which allow configuring multiple retentions for distinct sets of time series matching the configured [series filters](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyconcepts/#filtering)
via `-retentionFilter` command-line flag. This flag accepts `filter:duration` options, where `filter` must be
a valid [series filter](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyconcepts/#filtering), while the `duration`
must contain valid [retention](#retention) for time series matching the given `filter`. 
The `duration` of the `-retentionFilter` must be lower or equal to [-retentionPeriod](#retention) flag value.
If series doesn't match any configured `-retentionFilter`, then the retention configured via [-retentionPeriod](#retention) 
command-line flag is applied to it. If series matches multiple configured retention filters, then the smallest retention is applied.

For example, the following config sets 3 days retention for time series with `team="juniors"` label,
30 days retention for time series with `env="dev"` or `env="staging"` label and 1 year retention for the remaining time series:

```sh
-retentionFilter='{team="juniors"}:3d' -retentionFilter='{env=~"dev|staging"}:30d' -retentionPeriod=1y
```

Important notes:

- The data outside the configured retention isn't deleted instantly - it is deleted eventually during [background merges](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/#storage).
- The `-retentionFilter` doesn't remove old data from `indexdb` (aka inverted index) until the configured [-retentionPeriod](#retention).
  So the `indexdb` size can grow big under [high churn rate](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/faq/#what-is-high-churn-rate)
  even for small retentions configured via `-retentionFilter`.

It is safe updating `-retentionFilter` during VictoriaMetrics restarts - the updated retention filters are applied eventually
to historical data.

See [how to configure multiple retentions in VictoriaMetrics cluster](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/cluster-victoriametrics/#retention-filters).

See also [downsampling](#downsampling).

Retention filters can be evaluated for free by downloading and using enterprise binaries from [the releases page](https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/releases/latest).
See how to request a free trial license [here](https://victoriametrics.com/products/enterprise/trial/).

## Downsampling

[VictoriaMetrics Enterprise](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/enterprise/) supports multi-level downsampling via `-downsampling.period=offset:interval` command-line flag.
This command-line flag instructs leaving the last sample per each `interval` for [time series](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyconcepts/#time-series)
[samples](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyconcepts/#raw-samples) older than the `offset`. For example, `-downsampling.period=30d:5m` instructs leaving the last sample
per each 5-minute interval for samples older than 30 days, while the rest of samples are dropped.

The `-downsampling.period` command-line flag can be specified multiple times in order to apply different downsampling levels for different time ranges (aka multi-level downsampling).
For example, `-downsampling.period=30d:5m,180d:1h` instructs leaving the last sample per each 5-minute interval for samples older than 30 days,
while leaving the last sample per each 1-hour interval for samples older than 180 days.

VictoriaMetrics supports configuring independent downsampling per different sets of [time series](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyconcepts/#time-series)
via `-downsampling.period=filter:offset:interval` syntax. In this case the given `offset:interval` downsampling is applied only to time series matching the given `filter`.
The `filter` can contain arbitrary [series filter](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyconcepts/#filtering).
For example, `-downsampling.period='{__name__=~"(node|process)_.*"}:1d:1m` instructs VictoriaMetrics to deduplicate samples older than one day with one minute interval
only for [time series](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyconcepts/#time-series) with names starting with `node_` or `process_` prefixes.
The de-duplication for other time series can be configured independently via additional `-downsampling.period` command-line flags.

If the time series doesn't match any `filter`, then it isn't downsampled. If the time series matches multiple filters, then the downsampling
for the first matching `filter` is applied. For example, `-downsampling.period='{env="prod"}:1d:30s,{__name__=~"node_.*"}:1d:5m'` de-duplicates
samples older than one day with 30 seconds interval across all the time series with `env="prod"` [label](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyconcepts/#labels),
even if their names start with `node_` prefix. All the other time series with names starting with `node_` prefix are de-duplicated with 5 minutes interval.

If downsampling shouldn't be applied to some time series matching the given `filter`, then pass `-downsampling.period=filter:0s:0s` command-line flag to VictoriaMetrics.
For example, if series with `env="prod"` label shouldn't be downsampled, then pass `-downsampling.period='{env="prod"}:0s:0s'` command-line flag in front of other `-downsampling.period` flags.

Downsampling is applied independently per each time series and leaves a single [raw sample](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyconcepts/#raw-samples)
with the biggest [timestamp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_time) on the configured interval, in the same way as [deduplication](#deduplication) does.
It works the best for [counters](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyconcepts/#counter) and [histograms](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyconcepts/#histogram),
as their values are always increasing. Downsampling [gauges](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyconcepts/#gauge)
and [summaries](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyconcepts/#summary) lose some changes within the downsampling interval,
since only the last sample on the given interval is left and the rest of samples are dropped.

You can use [recording rules](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmalert/#rules) or [steaming aggregation](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/stream-aggregation/)
to apply custom aggregation functions, like min/max/avg etc., in order to make gauges more resilient to downsampling.

Downsampling can reduce disk space usage and improve query performance if it is applied to time series with big number
of samples per each series. The downsampling doesn't improve query performance and doesn't reduce disk space if the database contains big number
of time series with small number of samples per each series, since downsampling doesn't reduce the number of time series.
So there is little sense in applying downsampling to time series with [high churn rate](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/faq/#what-is-high-churn-rate).
In this case the majority of query time is spent on searching for the matching time series instead of processing the found samples.
It is possible to use [stream aggregation](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/stream-aggregation/) in [vmagent](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmagent/)
or [recording rules in vmalert](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmalert/#rules) in order to
[reduce the number of time series](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmalert/#downsampling-and-aggregation-via-vmalert).

Downsampling is performed during [background merges](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/#storage).
It cannot be performed if there is not enough of free disk space or if vmstorage is in [read-only mode](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/cluster-victoriametrics/#readonly-mode).

Please, note that intervals of `-downsampling.period` must be multiples of each other.
In case [deduplication](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/#deduplication) is enabled, value of `-dedup.minScrapeInterval` command-line flag must also
be multiple of `-downsampling.period` intervals. This is required to ensure consistency of deduplication and downsampling results.

It is safe updating `-downsampling.period` during VictoriaMetrics restarts - the updated downsampling configuration will be
applied eventually to historical data during  [background merges](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/#storage).

See [how to configure downsampling in VictoriaMetrics cluster](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/cluster-victoriametrics/#downsampling).

See also [retention filters](#retention-filters).

The downsampling can be evaluated for free by downloading and using enterprise binaries from [the releases page](https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/releases/latest).
See [how to request a free trial license](https://victoriametrics.com/products/enterprise/trial/).

## Multi-tenancy

Single-node VictoriaMetrics doesn't support multi-tenancy. Use the [cluster version](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/cluster-victoriametrics/#multitenancy) instead.

## Scalability and cluster version

Though single-node VictoriaMetrics cannot scale to multiple nodes, it is optimized for resource usage - storage size / bandwidth / IOPS, RAM, CPU.
This means that a single-node VictoriaMetrics may scale vertically and substitute a moderately sized cluster built with competing solutions
such as Thanos, Uber M3, InfluxDB or TimescaleDB. See [vertical scalability benchmarks](https://medium.com/@valyala/measuring-vertical-scalability-for-time-series-databases-in-google-cloud-92550d78d8ae).

So try single-node VictoriaMetrics at first and then [switch to the cluster version](https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/tree/cluster) if you still need
horizontally scalable long-term remote storage for really large Prometheus deployments.
[Contact us](mailto:info@victoriametrics.com) for enterprise support.

## Alerting

It is recommended using [vmalert](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmalert/) for alerting.

Additionally, alerting can be set up with the following tools:

* With Prometheus - see [the corresponding docs](https://prometheus.io/docs/alerting/overview/).
* With Promxy - see [the corresponding docs](https://github.com/jacksontj/promxy/blob/master/README.md#how-do-i-use-alertingrecording-rules-in-promxy).
* With Grafana - see [the corresponding docs](https://grafana.com/docs/alerting/rules/).

## mTLS protection

By default `VictoriaMetrics` accepts http requests at `8428` port (this port can be changed via `-httpListenAddr` command-line flags).
[Enterprise version of VictoriaMetrics](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/enterprise/) supports the ability to accept [mTLS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_authentication)
requests at this port, by specifying `-tls` and `-mtls` command-line flags. For example, the following command runs `VictoriaMetrics`, which accepts only mTLS requests at port `8428`:

```
./victoria-metrics -tls -mtls
```

By default system-wide [TLS Root CA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_certificate) is used for verifying client certificates if `-mtls` command-line flag is specified.
It is possible to specify custom TLS Root CA via `-mtlsCAFile` command-line flag.

See also [security docs](#security).

## Security

General security recommendations:

- All the VictoriaMetrics components must run in protected private networks without direct access from untrusted networks such as Internet.
  The exception is [vmauth](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmauth/) and [vmgateway](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmgateway/),
  which are indended for serving public requests and performing authorization with [TLS termination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TLS_termination_proxy).
- All the requests from untrusted networks to VictoriaMetrics components must go through auth proxy such as [vmauth](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmauth/)
  or [vmgateway](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmgateway/). The proxy must be set up with proper authentication and authorization.
- Prefer using lists of allowed API endpoints, while disallowing access to other endpoints when configuring [vmauth](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmauth/)
  in front of VictoriaMetrics components.
- Set reasonable [`Strict-Transport-Security`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Strict-Transport-Security) header value to all the components to mitigate [MitM attacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man-in-the-middle_attack), for example: `max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains`. See `-http.header.hsts` flag.
- Set reasonable [`Content-Security-Policy`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/CSP) header value to mitigate [XSS attacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-site_scripting). See `-http.header.csp` flag.
- Set reasonable [`X-Frame-Options`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/X-Frame-Options) header value to mitigate [clickjacking attacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clickjacking), for example `DENY`. See `-http.header.frameOptions` flag.

VictoriaMetrics provides the following security-related command-line flags:

* `-tls`, `-tlsCertFile` and `-tlsKeyFile` for switching from HTTP to HTTPS at `-httpListenAddr` (TCP port 8428 is listened by default).
  [Enterprise version of VictoriaMetrics](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/enterprise/) supports automatic issuing of TLS certificates.
  See [these docs](#automatic-issuing-of-tls-certificates).
* `-mtls` and `-mtlsCAFile` for enabling [mTLS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_authentication) for requests to `-httpListenAddr`. See [these docs](#mtls-protection).
* `-httpAuth.username` and `-httpAuth.password` for protecting all the HTTP endpoints
  with [HTTP Basic Authentication](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_access_authentication).
* `-deleteAuthKey` for protecting `/api/v1/admin/tsdb/delete_series` endpoint. See [how to delete time series](#how-to-delete-time-series).
* `-snapshotAuthKey` for protecting `/snapshot*` endpoints. See [how to work with snapshots](#how-to-work-with-snapshots).
* `-forceFlushAuthKey` for protecting `/internal/force_flush` endpoint. See [these docs](#troubleshooting).
* `-forceMergeAuthKey` for protecting `/internal/force_merge` endpoint. See [force merge docs](#forced-merge).
* `-search.resetCacheAuthKey` for protecting `/internal/resetRollupResultCache` endpoint. See [backfilling](#backfilling) for more details.
* `-reloadAuthKey` for protecting `/-/reload` endpoint, which is used for force reloading of [`-promscrape.config`](#how-to-scrape-prometheus-exporters-such-as-node-exporter).
* `-configAuthKey` for protecting `/config` endpoint, since it may contain sensitive information such as passwords.
* `-flagsAuthKey` for protecting `/flags` endpoint.
* `-pprofAuthKey` for protecting `/debug/pprof/*` endpoints, which can be used for [profiling](#profiling).
* `-denyQueryTracing` for disallowing [query tracing](#query-tracing).
* `-http.header.hsts`, `-http.header.csp`, and `-http.header.frameOptions` for serving `Strict-Transport-Security`, `Content-Security-Policy`
  and `X-Frame-Options` HTTP response headers.

Explicitly set internal network interface for TCP and UDP ports for data ingestion with Graphite and OpenTSDB formats.
For example, substitute `-graphiteListenAddr=:2003` with `-graphiteListenAddr=<internal_iface_ip>:2003`. This protects from unexpected requests from untrusted network interfaces.

See also [security recommendation for VictoriaMetrics cluster](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/cluster-victoriametrics/#security)
and [the general security page at VictoriaMetrics website](https://victoriametrics.com/security/).

## Automatic issuing of TLS certificates

All the VictoriaMetrics [Enterprise](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/enterprise/) components support automatic issuing of TLS certificates for public HTTPS server running at `-httpListenAddr`
via [Let's Encrypt service](https://letsencrypt.org/). The following command-line flags must be set in order to enable automatic issuing of TLS certificates:

- `-httpListenAddr` must be set for listening TCP port `443`. For example, `-httpListenAddr=:443`. This port must be accessible by the [Let's Encrypt service](https://letsencrypt.org/).
- `-tls` must be set in order to accept HTTPS requests at `-httpListenAddr`.
- `-tlsAutocertHosts` must be set to comma-separated list of hosts, which can be reached via `-httpListenAddr`. TLS certificates are automatically issued for these hosts.
- `-tlsAutocertEmail` must be set to contact email for the issued TLS certificates.
- `-tlsAutocertCacheDir` may be set to the directory path for persisting the issued TLS certificates between VictoriaMetrics restarts. If this flag isn't set,
  then TLS certificates are re-issued on every restart.

This functionality can be evaluated for free according to [these docs](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/enterprise/).

## Tuning

* No need in tuning for VictoriaMetrics - it uses reasonable defaults for command-line flags,
  which are automatically adjusted for the available CPU and RAM resources.
* No need in tuning for Operating System - VictoriaMetrics is optimized for default OS settings.
  The only option is increasing the limit on [the number of open files in the OS](https://medium.com/@muhammadtriwibowo/set-permanently-ulimit-n-open-files-in-ubuntu-4d61064429a).
  The recommendation is not specific for VictoriaMetrics only but also for any service which handles many HTTP connections and stores data on disk.
* VictoriaMetrics is a write-heavy application and its performance depends on disk performance. So be careful with other
  applications or utilities (like [fstrim](https://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/lunar/en/man8/fstrim.8.html))
  which could [exhaust disk resources](https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/issues/1521).
* The recommended filesystem is `ext4`, the recommended persistent storage is [persistent HDD-based disk on GCP](https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/disks/#pdspecs),
  since it is protected from hardware failures via internal replication and it can be [resized on the fly](https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/disks/add-persistent-disk#resize_pd).
  If you plan to store more than 1TB of data on `ext4` partition or plan extending it to more than 16TB,
  then the following options are recommended to pass to `mkfs.ext4`:

```sh
mkfs.ext4 ... -O 64bit,huge_file,extent -T huge
```

## Monitoring

VictoriaMetrics exports internal metrics in Prometheus exposition format at `/metrics` page.
These metrics can be scraped via [vmagent](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmagent/) or any other Prometheus-compatible scraper.

If you use Google Cloud Managed Prometheus for scraping metrics from VictoriaMetrics components, then pass `-metrics.exposeMetadata`
command-line to them, so they add `TYPE` and `HELP` comments per each exposed metric at `/metrics` page.
See [these docs](https://cloud.google.com/stackdriver/docs/managed-prometheus/troubleshooting#missing-metric-type) for details.

Alternatively, single-node VictoriaMetrics can self-scrape the metrics when `-selfScrapeInterval` command-line flag is 
set to duration greater than 0. For example, `-selfScrapeInterval=10s` would enable self-scraping of `/metrics` page 
with 10 seconds interval.

_Please note, never use loadbalancer address for scraping metrics. All the monitored components should be scraped directly by their address._

Official Grafana dashboards available for [single-node](https://grafana.com/grafana/dashboards/10229)
and [clustered](https://grafana.com/grafana/dashboards/11176) VictoriaMetrics.
See an [alternative dashboard for clustered VictoriaMetrics](https://grafana.com/grafana/dashboards/11831)
created by community.

Graphs on the dashboards contain useful hints - hover the `i` icon in the top left corner of each graph to read it.

We recommend setting up [alerts](https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/tree/master/deployment/docker#alerts)
via [vmalert](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmalert/) or via Prometheus.

VictoriaMetrics exposes currently running queries and their execution times at [`active queries` page](#active-queries).

VictoriaMetrics exposes queries, which take the most time to execute, at [`top queries` page](#top-queries).

See also [VictoriaMetrics Monitoring](https://victoriametrics.com/blog/victoriametrics-monitoring/)
and [troubleshooting docs](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/troubleshooting/).

## TSDB stats

VictoriaMetrics returns TSDB stats at `/api/v1/status/tsdb` page in the way similar to Prometheus - see [these Prometheus docs](https://prometheus.io/docs/prometheus/latest/querying/api/#tsdb-stats). VictoriaMetrics accepts the following optional query args at `/api/v1/status/tsdb` page:

* `topN=N` where `N` is the number of top entries to return in the response. By default top 10 entries are returned.
* `date=YYYY-MM-DD` where `YYYY-MM-DD` is the date for collecting the stats. By default the stats is collected for the current day. Pass `date=1970-01-01` in order to collect global stats across all the days.
* `focusLabel=LABEL_NAME` returns label values with the highest number of time series for the given `LABEL_NAME` in the `seriesCountByFocusLabelValue` list.
* `match[]=SELECTOR` where `SELECTOR` is an arbitrary [time series selector](https://prometheus.io/docs/prometheus/latest/querying/basics/#time-series-selectors) for series to take into account during stats calculation. By default all the series are taken into account.
* `extra_label=LABEL=VALUE`. See [these docs](#prometheus-querying-api-enhancements) for more details.

In [cluster version of VictoriaMetrics](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/cluster-victoriametrics/) each vmstorage tracks the stored time series individually.
vmselect requests stats via [/api/v1/status/tsdb](#tsdb-stats) API from each vmstorage node and merges the results by summing per-series stats.
This may lead to inflated values when samples for the same time series are spread across multiple vmstorage nodes
due to [replication](#replication) or [rerouting](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/cluster-victoriametrics/?highlight=re-routes#cluster-availability).

VictoriaMetrics provides an UI on top of `/api/v1/status/tsdb` - see [cardinality explorer docs](#cardinality-explorer).

## Query tracing

VictoriaMetrics supports query tracing, which can be used for determining bottlenecks during query processing.
This is like `EXPLAIN ANALYZE` from Postgresql.

Query tracing can be enabled for a specific query by passing `trace=1` query arg.
In this case VictoriaMetrics puts query trace into `trace` field in the output JSON.

For example, the following command:

```sh
curl http://localhost:8428/api/v1/query_range -d 'query=2*rand()' -d 'start=-1h' -d 'step=1m' -d 'trace=1' | jq '.trace'
```

would return the following trace:

```json
{
  "duration_msec": 0.099,
  "message": "/api/v1/query_range: start=1654034340000, end=1654037880000, step=60000, query=\"2*rand()\": series=1",
  "children": [
    {
      "duration_msec": 0.034,
      "message": "eval: query=2 * rand(), timeRange=[1654034340000..1654037880000], step=60000, mayCache=true: series=1, points=60, pointsPerSeries=60",
      "children": [
        {
          "duration_msec": 0.032,
          "message": "binary op \"*\": series=1",
          "children": [
            {
              "duration_msec": 0.009,
              "message": "eval: query=2, timeRange=[1654034340000..1654037880000], step=60000, mayCache=true: series=1, points=60, pointsPerSeries=60"
            },
            {
              "duration_msec": 0.017,
              "message": "eval: query=rand(), timeRange=[1654034340000..1654037880000], step=60000, mayCache=true: series=1, points=60, pointsPerSeries=60",
              "children": [
                {
                  "duration_msec": 0.015,
                  "message": "transform rand(): series=1"
                }
              ]
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "duration_msec": 0.004,
      "message": "sort series by metric name and labels"
    },
    {
      "duration_msec": 0.044,
      "message": "generate /api/v1/query_range response for series=1, points=60"
    }
  ]
}
```

All the durations and timestamps in traces are in milliseconds.

Query tracing is allowed by default. It can be denied by passing `-denyQueryTracing` command-line flag to VictoriaMetrics.

[VMUI](#vmui) provides an UI:
- for query tracing - just click `Trace query` checkbox and re-run the query in order to investigate its' trace.
- for exploring custom trace - go to the tab `Trace analyzer` and upload or paste JSON with trace information.


## Cardinality limiter

By default VictoriaMetrics doesn't limit the number of stored time series. The limit can be enforced by setting the following command-line flags:

* `-storage.maxHourlySeries` - limits the number of time series that can be added during the last hour. Useful for limiting the number of [active time series](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/faq/#what-is-an-active-time-series).
* `-storage.maxDailySeries` - limits the number of time series that can be added during the last day. Useful for limiting daily [churn rate](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/faq/#what-is-high-churn-rate).

Both limits can be set simultaneously. If any of these limits is reached, then incoming samples for new time series are dropped. A sample of dropped series is put in the log with `WARNING` level.

The exceeded limits can be [monitored](#monitoring) with the following metrics:

* `vm_hourly_series_limit_rows_dropped_total` - the number of metrics dropped due to exceeded hourly limit on the number of unique time series.

* `vm_hourly_series_limit_max_series` - the hourly series limit set via `-storage.maxHourlySeries` command-line flag.

* `vm_hourly_series_limit_current_series` - the current number of unique series during the last hour.
  The following query can be useful for alerting when the number of unique series during the last hour exceeds 90% of the `-storage.maxHourlySeries`:

  ```metricsql
  vm_hourly_series_limit_current_series / vm_hourly_series_limit_max_series > 0.9
  ```

* `vm_daily_series_limit_rows_dropped_total` - the number of metrics dropped due to exceeded daily limit on the number of unique time series.

* `vm_daily_series_limit_max_series` - the daily series limit set via `-storage.maxDailySeries` command-line flag.

* `vm_daily_series_limit_current_series` - the current number of unique series during the last day.
  The following query can be useful for alerting when the number of unique series during the last day exceeds 90% of the `-storage.maxDailySeries`:

  ```metricsql
  vm_daily_series_limit_current_series / vm_daily_series_limit_max_series > 0.9
  ```

These limits are approximate, so VictoriaMetrics can underflow/overflow the limit by a small percentage (usually less than 1%).

See also more advanced [cardinality limiter in vmagent](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmagent/#cardinality-limiter)
and [cardinality explorer docs](#cardinality-explorer).

## Troubleshooting

* It is recommended to use default command-line flag values (i.e. don't set them explicitly) until the need
  of tweaking these flag values arises.

* It is recommended inspecting logs during troubleshooting, since they may contain useful information.

* It is recommended upgrading to the latest available release from [this page](https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/releases/latest),
  since the encountered issue could be already fixed there.

* It is recommended to have at least 50% of spare resources for CPU, disk IO and RAM, so VictoriaMetrics could handle short spikes in the workload without performance issues.

* VictoriaMetrics requires free disk space for [merging data files to bigger ones](https://medium.com/@valyala/how-victoriametrics-makes-instant-snapshots-for-multi-terabyte-time-series-data-e1f3fb0e0282).
  It may slow down when there is no enough free space left. So make sure `-storageDataPath` directory
  has at least 20% of free space. The remaining amount of free space
  can be [monitored](#monitoring) via `vm_free_disk_space_bytes` metric. The total size of data
  stored on the disk can be monitored via sum of `vm_data_size_bytes` metrics.

* If you run VictoriaMetrics on a host with 16 or more CPU cores, then it may be needed to tune the `-search.maxWorkersPerQuery` command-line flag
  in order to improve query performance. If VictoriaMetrics serves big number of concurrent `select` queries, then try reducing the value for this flag.
  If VcitoriaMetrics serves heavy queries, which select `>10K` of [time series](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyconcepts/#time-series) and/or process `>100M`
  of [raw samples](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyconcepts/#raw-samples) per query, then try setting the value for this flag to the number of available CPU cores.

* VictoriaMetrics buffers incoming data in memory for up to a few seconds before flushing it to persistent storage.
  This may lead to the following "issues":
  * Data becomes available for querying in a few seconds after inserting. It is possible to flush in-memory buffers to searchable parts
    by requesting `/internal/force_flush` http handler. This handler is mostly needed for testing and debugging purposes.
  * The last few seconds of inserted data may be lost on unclean shutdown (i.e. OOM, `kill -9` or hardware reset).
    The `-inmemoryDataFlushInterval` command-line flag allows controlling the frequency of in-memory data flush to persistent storage.
    See [storage docs](#storage) and [this article](https://valyala.medium.com/wal-usage-looks-broken-in-modern-time-series-databases-b62a627ab704) for more details.

* If VictoriaMetrics works slowly and eats more than a CPU core per 100K ingested data points per second,
  then it is likely you have too many [active time series](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/faq/#what-is-an-active-time-series) for the current amount of RAM.
  VictoriaMetrics [exposes](#monitoring) `vm_slow_*` metrics such as `vm_slow_row_inserts_total` and `vm_slow_metric_name_loads_total`, which could be used
  as an indicator of low amounts of RAM. It is recommended increasing the amount of RAM on the node with VictoriaMetrics in order to improve
  ingestion and query performance in this case.

* If the order of labels for the same metrics can change over time (e.g. if `metric{k1="v1",k2="v2"}` may become `metric{k2="v2",k1="v1"}`),
  then it is recommended running VictoriaMetrics with `-sortLabels` command-line flag in order to reduce memory usage and CPU usage.

* VictoriaMetrics prioritizes data ingestion over data querying. So if it has no enough resources for data ingestion,
  then data querying may slow down significantly.

* If VictoriaMetrics doesn't work because of certain parts are corrupted due to disk errors,
  then just remove directories with broken parts. It is safe removing subdirectories under `<-storageDataPath>/data/{big,small}/YYYY_MM` directories
  when VictoriaMetrics isn't running. This recovers VictoriaMetrics at the cost of data loss stored in the deleted broken parts.
  In the future, `vmrecover` tool will be created for automatic recovering from such errors.

* If you see gaps on the graphs, try resetting the cache by sending request to `/internal/resetRollupResultCache`.
  If this removes gaps on the graphs, then it is likely data with timestamps older than `-search.cacheTimestampOffset`
  is ingested into VictoriaMetrics. Make sure that data sources have synchronized time with VictoriaMetrics.

  If the gaps are related to irregular intervals between samples, then try adjusting `-search.minStalenessInterval` command-line flag
  to value close to the maximum interval between samples.

* If you are switching from InfluxDB or TimescaleDB, then it may be needed to set `-search.setLookbackToStep` command-line flag.
  This suppresses default gap filling algorithm used by VictoriaMetrics - by default it assumes
  each time series is continuous instead of discrete, so it fills gaps between real samples with regular intervals.

* Metrics and labels leading to [high cardinality](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/faq/#what-is-high-cardinality)
  or [high churn rate](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/faq/#what-is-high-churn-rate) can be determined
  via [cardinality explorer](#cardinality-explorer) and via [/api/v1/status/tsdb](#tsdb-stats) endpoint.

* New time series can be logged if `-logNewSeries` command-line flag is passed to VictoriaMetrics.

* VictoriaMetrics limits the number of labels per each metric with `-maxLabelsPerTimeseries` command-line flag
  and drops superflouos labels. This prevents from ingesting metrics with too many labels.
  It is recommended [monitoring](#monitoring) `vm_metrics_with_dropped_labels_total`
  metric in order to determine whether `-maxLabelsPerTimeseries` must be adjusted for your workload.

* If you store Graphite metrics like `foo.bar.baz` in VictoriaMetrics, then `{__graphite__="foo.*.baz"}` filter can be used for selecting such metrics.
  See [these docs](#selecting-graphite-metrics) for details. You can also query Graphite metrics with [Graphite querying API](#graphite-render-api-usage).

* VictoriaMetrics ignores `NaN` values during data ingestion.

See also:

- [Snapshot troubleshooting](#snapshot-troubleshooting).
- [General troubleshooting docs](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/troubleshooting/).

## Push metrics

All the VictoriaMetrics components support pushing their metrics exposed at `/metrics` page to remote storage in Prometheus text exposition format.
This functionality may be used instead of [classic Prometheus-like metrics scraping](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/#how-to-scrape-prometheus-exporters-such-as-node-exporter)
if VictoriaMetrics components are located in isolated networks, so they cannot be scraped by local [vmagent](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmagent/).

The following command-line flags are related to pushing metrics from VictoriaMetrics components:

* `-pushmetrics.url` - the url to push metrics to. For example, `-pushmetrics.url=http://victoria-metrics:8428/api/v1/import/prometheus` instructs
  to push internal metrics to `/api/v1/import/prometheus` endpoint according to [these docs](#how-to-import-data-in-prometheus-exposition-format).
  The `-pushmetrics.url` can be specified multiple times. In this case metrics are pushed to all the specified urls.
  The url can contain basic auth params in the form `http://user:pass@hostname/api/v1/import/prometheus`.
  Metrics are pushed to the provided `-pushmetrics.url` in a compressed form with `Content-Encoding: gzip` request header.
  This allows reducing the required network bandwidth for metrics push. The compression can be disabled by passing `-pushmetrics.disableCompression` command-line flag.
* `-pushmetrics.extraLabel` - labels to add to all the metrics before sending them to every `-pushmetrics.url`. Each label must be specified in the format `label="value"`.
  It is OK to specify multiple `-pushmetrics.extraLabel` command-line flags. In this case all the specified labels
  are added to all the metrics before sending them to all the configured `-pushmetrics.url` addresses.
* `-pushmetrics.interval` - the interval between pushes. By default it is set to 10 seconds.
* `-pushmetrics.header` - an optional HTTP header to send to every `-pushmetrics.url`. For example, `-pushmetrics.header='Authorization: Basic foo'` instructs to send
  `Authorization: Basic foo` HTTP header with every request to every `-pushmetrics.url`. It is possible to set multiple `-pushmetrics.header` command-line flags
  for sending multiple different HTTP headers to `-pushmetrics.url`.

For example, the following command instructs VictoriaMetrics to push metrics from `/metrics` page to `https://maas.victoriametrics.com/api/v1/import/prometheus`
with `user:pass` [Basic auth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_access_authentication). The `instance="foobar"` and `job="vm"` labels
are added to all the metrics before sending them to the remote storage:

```sh
/path/to/victoria-metrics \
  -pushmetrics.url=https://user:pass@maas.victoriametrics.com/api/v1/import/prometheus \
  -pushmetrics.extraLabel='instance="foobar"' \
  -pushmetrics.extraLabel='job="vm"'
```

## Cache removal

VictoriaMetrics uses various internal caches. These caches are stored to `<-storageDataPath>/cache` directory during graceful shutdown
(e.g. when VictoriaMetrics is stopped by sending `SIGINT` signal). The caches are read on the next VictoriaMetrics startup.
Sometimes it is needed to remove such caches on the next startup. This can be done in the following ways:

- By manually removing the `<-storageDataPath>/cache` directory when VictoriaMetrics is stopped.
- By placing `reset_cache_on_startup` file inside the `<-storageDataPath>/cache` directory before the restart of VictoriaMetrics.
  In this case VictoriaMetrics will automatically remove all the caches on the next start.
  See [this issue](https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/issues/1447) for details.

It is also possible removing [rollup result cache](#rollup-result-cache) on startup by passing `-search.resetRollupResultCacheOnStartup` command-line flag to VictoriaMetrics.

## Rollup result cache

VictoriaMetrics caches query responses by default. This allows increasing performance for repated queries
to [`/api/v1/query`](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyconcepts/#instant-query) and [`/api/v1/query_range`](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/keyconcepts/#range-query)
with the increasing `time`, `start` and `end` query args.

This cache may work incorrectly when ingesting historical data into VictoriaMetrics. See [these docs](#backfilling) for details.

The rollup cache can be disabled either globally by running VictoriaMetrics with `-search.disableCache` command-line flag
or on a per-query basis by passing `nocache=1` query arg to `/api/v1/query` and `/api/v1/query_range`.

See also [cache removal docs](#cache-removal).

## Cache tuning

VictoriaMetrics uses various in-memory caches for faster data ingestion and query performance.
The following metrics for each type of cache are exported at [`/metrics` page](#monitoring):
* `vm_cache_size_bytes` - the actual cache size
* `vm_cache_size_max_bytes` - cache size limit
* `vm_cache_requests_total` - the number of requests to the cache
* `vm_cache_misses_total` - the number of cache misses
* `vm_cache_entries` - the number of entries in the cache

Both Grafana dashboards for [single-node VictoriaMetrics](https://grafana.com/grafana/dashboards/10229)
and [clustered VictoriaMetrics](https://grafana.com/grafana/dashboards/11176)
contain `Caches` section with cache metrics visualized. The panels show the current
memory usage by each type of cache, and also a cache hit rate. If hit rate is close to 100%
then cache efficiency is already very high and does not need any tuning.
The panel `Cache usage %` in `Troubleshooting` section shows the percentage of used cache size
from the allowed size by type. If the percentage is below 100%, then no further tuning needed.

Please note, default cache sizes were carefully adjusted accordingly to the most
practical scenarios and workloads. Change the defaults only if you understand the implications
and vmstorage has enough free memory to accommodate new cache sizes.

To override the default values see command-line flags with `-storage.cacheSize` prefix.
See the full description of flags [here](#list-of-command-line-flags).

## Data migration

### From VictoriaMetrics

The simplest way to migrate data from one single-node (source) to another (destination), or from one vmstorage node
to another do the following:

1. Stop the VictoriaMetrics (source) with `kill -INT`;
1. Copy (via [rsync](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rsync) or any other tool) the entire folder specified
via `-storageDataPath` from the source node to the empty folder at the destination node.
1. Once copy is done, stop the VictoriaMetrics (destination) with `kill -INT` and verify that
its `-storageDataPath` points to the copied folder from p.2;
1. Start the VictoriaMetrics (destination). The copied data should be now available.

Things to consider when copying data:

1. Data formats between single-node and vmstorage node aren't compatible and can't be copied.
1. Copying data folder means complete replacement of the previous data on destination VictoriaMetrics.

For more complex scenarios like single-to-cluster, cluster-to-single, re-sharding or migrating only a fraction
of data - see [vmctl. Migrating data from VictoriaMetrics](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmctl/#migrating-data-from-victoriametrics).

### From other systems

Use [vmctl](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmctl/) for data migration. It supports the following data migration types:

* From Prometheus to VictoriaMetrics
* From InfluxDB to VictoriaMetrics
* From VictoriaMetrics to VictoriaMetrics
* From OpenTSDB to VictoriaMetrics

See [vmctl docs](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmctl/) for more details.

## Backfilling

VictoriaMetrics accepts historical data in arbitrary order of time via [any supported ingestion method](#how-to-import-time-series-data).
See [how to backfill data with recording rules in vmalert](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmalert/#rules-backfilling).
Make sure that configured `-retentionPeriod` covers timestamps for the backfilled data.

It is recommended disabling [query cache](#rollup-result-cache) with `-search.disableCache` command-line flag when writing
historical data with timestamps from the past, since the cache assumes that the data is written with
the current timestamps. Query cache can be enabled after the backfilling is complete.

An alternative solution is to query [/internal/resetRollupResultCache](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/url-examples/#internalresetrollupresultcache)
after the backfilling is complete. This will reset the [query cache](#rollup-result-cache), which could contain incomplete data cached during the backfilling.

Yet another solution is to increase `-search.cacheTimestampOffset` flag value in order to disable caching
for data with timestamps close to the current time. Single-node VictoriaMetrics automatically resets response
cache when samples with timestamps older than `now - search.cacheTimestampOffset` are ingested to it.

## Data updates

VictoriaMetrics doesn't support updating already existing sample values to new ones. It stores all the ingested data points
for the same time series with identical timestamps. While it is possible substituting old time series with new time series via
[removal of old time series](#how-to-delete-time-series) and then [writing new time series](#backfilling), this approach
should be used only for one-off updates. It shouldn't be used for frequent updates because of non-zero overhead related to data removal.

## Replication

Single-node VictoriaMetrics doesn't support application-level replication. Use cluster version instead.
See [these docs](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/cluster-victoriametrics/#replication-and-data-safety) for details.

Storage-level replication may be offloaded to durable persistent storage such as [Google Cloud disks](https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/disks#pdspecs).

See also [high availability docs](#high-availability) and [backup docs](#backups).

## Backups

VictoriaMetrics supports backups via [vmbackup](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmbackup/)
and [vmrestore](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmrestore/) tools.
We also provide [vmbackupmanager](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmbackupmanager/) tool for enterprise subscribers.
Enterprise binaries can be downloaded and evaluated for free from [the releases page](https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/releases/latest).
See how to request a free trial license [here](https://victoriametrics.com/products/enterprise/trial/).

## vmalert

A single-node VictoriaMetrics is capable of proxying requests to [vmalert](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmalert/)
when `-vmalert.proxyURL` flag is set. Use this feature for the following cases:
* for proxying requests from [Grafana Alerting UI](https://grafana.com/docs/grafana/latest/alerting/);
* for accessing vmalerts UI through single-node VictoriaMetrics Web interface.

For accessing vmalerts UI through single-node VictoriaMetrics configure `-vmalert.proxyURL` flag and visit
`http://<victoriametrics-addr>:8428/vmalert/` link.

## Benchmarks

Note, that vendors (including VictoriaMetrics) are often biased when doing such tests. E.g. they try highlighting
the best parts of their product, while highlighting the worst parts of competing products.
So we encourage users and all independent third parties to conduct their benchmarks for various products
they are evaluating in production and publish the results.

As a reference, please see [benchmarks](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/articles/#benchmarks) conducted by
VictoriaMetrics team. Please also see the [helm chart](https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/benchmark)
for running ingestion benchmarks based on node_exporter metrics.

## Profiling

VictoriaMetrics provides handlers for collecting the following [Go profiles](https://blog.golang.org/profiling-go-programs):

* Memory profile. It can be collected with the following command (replace `0.0.0.0` with hostname if needed):


```sh
curl http://0.0.0.0:8428/debug/pprof/heap > mem.pprof
```


* CPU profile. It can be collected with the following command (replace `0.0.0.0` with hostname if needed):


```sh
curl http://0.0.0.0:8428/debug/pprof/profile > cpu.pprof
```


The command for collecting CPU profile waits for 30 seconds before returning.

The collected profiles may be analyzed with [go tool pprof](https://github.com/google/pprof).
It is safe sharing the collected profiles from security point of view, since they do not contain sensitive information.

## Integrations

* [go-graphite/carbonapi](https://github.com/go-graphite/carbonapi) can use VictoriaMetrics as time series backend.
  See [this example](https://github.com/go-graphite/carbonapi/blob/main/cmd/carbonapi/carbonapi.example.victoriametrics.yaml).
* [netdata](https://github.com/netdata/netdata) can push data into VictoriaMetrics via `Prometheus remote_write API`.
  See [these docs](https://github.com/netdata/netdata#integrations).
* [vmalert-cli](https://github.com/aorfanos/vmalert-cli) - a CLI application for managing [vmalert](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmalert/).

## Third-party contributions

* [Unofficial yum repository](https://copr.fedorainfracloud.org/coprs/antonpatsev/VictoriaMetrics/) ([source code](https://github.com/patsevanton/victoriametrics-rpm))
* [Prometheus -> VictoriaMetrics exporter #1](https://github.com/ryotarai/prometheus-tsdb-dump)
* [Prometheus -> VictoriaMetrics exporter #2](https://github.com/AnchorFree/tsdb-remote-write)
* [Prometheus Oauth proxy](https://gitlab.com/optima_public/prometheus_oauth_proxy) - see [this article](https://medium.com/@richard.holly/powerful-saas-solution-for-detection-metrics-c67b9208d362) for details.

## Contacts

Contact us with any questions regarding VictoriaMetrics at [info@victoriametrics.com](mailto:info@victoriametrics.com).

## Community and contributions

Feel free asking any questions regarding VictoriaMetrics:

* [Slack Inviter](https://slack.victoriametrics.com/) and [Slack channel](https://victoriametrics.slack.com/)
* [Twitter](https://twitter.com/VictoriaMetrics/)
* [Linkedin](https://www.linkedin.com/company/victoriametrics/)
* [Reddit](https://www.reddit.com/r/VictoriaMetrics/)
* [Telegram-en](https://t.me/VictoriaMetrics_en)
* [Telegram-ru](https://t.me/VictoriaMetrics_ru1)
* [Google groups](https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/victorametrics-users)
* [Mastodon](https://mastodon.social/@victoriametrics/)

If you like VictoriaMetrics and want to contribute, then please [read these docs](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/contributing/).

## Reporting bugs

Report bugs and propose new features [here](https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/issues).

## Images in documentation

Please, keep image size and number of images per single page low. Keep the docs page as lightweight as possible.

If the page needs to have many images, consider using WEB-optimized image format [webp](https://developers.google.com/speed/webp).
When adding a new doc with many images use `webp` format right away. Or use a Makefile command below to
convert already existing images at `docs` folder automatically to `web` format:

```sh
make docs-images-to-webp
```

Once conversion is done, update the path to images in your docs and verify everything is correct.

## VictoriaMetrics Logo

[Zip](https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/blob/master/VM_logo.zip) contains three folders with different image orientations (main color and inverted version).

Files included in each folder:

* 2 JPEG Preview files
* 2 PNG Preview files with transparent background
* 2 EPS Adobe Illustrator EPS10 files

### Logo Usage Guidelines

#### Font used

* Lato Black
* Lato Regular

#### Color Palette

* HEX [#110f0f](https://www.color-hex.com/color/110f0f)
* HEX [#ffffff](https://www.color-hex.com/color/ffffff)

### We kindly ask

* Please don't use any other font instead of suggested.
* To keep enough clear space around the logo.
* Do not change spacing, alignment, or relative locations of the design elements.
* Do not change the proportions for any of the design elements or the design itself. 
  You may resize as needed but must retain all proportions.

## List of command-line flags

Pass `-help` to VictoriaMetrics in order to see the list of supported command-line flags with their description:

```sh
  -bigMergeConcurrency int
     Deprecated: this flag does nothing
  -blockcache.missesBeforeCaching int
     The number of cache misses before putting the block into cache. Higher values may reduce indexdb/dataBlocks cache size at the cost of higher CPU and disk read usage (default 2)
  -cacheExpireDuration duration
     Items are removed from in-memory caches after they aren't accessed for this duration. Lower values may reduce memory usage at the cost of higher CPU usage. See also -prevCacheRemovalPercent (default 30m0s)
  -configAuthKey value
     Authorization key for accessing /config page. It must be passed via authKey query arg
     Flag value can be read from the given file when using -configAuthKey=file:///abs/path/to/file or -configAuthKey=file://./relative/path/to/file . Flag value can be read from the given http/https url when using -configAuthKey=http://host/path or -configAuthKey=https://host/path
  -csvTrimTimestamp duration
     Trim timestamps when importing csv data to this duration. Minimum practical duration is 1ms. Higher duration (i.e. 1s) may be used for reducing disk space usage for timestamp data (default 1ms)
  -datadog.maxInsertRequestSize size
     The maximum size in bytes of a single DataDog POST request to /datadog/api/v2/series
     Supports the following optional suffixes for size values: KB, MB, GB, TB, KiB, MiB, GiB, TiB (default 67108864)
  -datadog.sanitizeMetricName
     Sanitize metric names for the ingested DataDog data to comply with DataDog behaviour described at https://docs.datadoghq.com/metrics/custom_metrics/#naming-custom-metrics (default true)
  -dedup.minScrapeInterval duration
     Leave only the last sample in every time series per each discrete interval equal to -dedup.minScrapeInterval > 0. See also -streamAggr.dedupInterval and https://docs.victoriametrics.com/#deduplication
  -deleteAuthKey value
     authKey for metrics' deletion via /api/v1/admin/tsdb/delete_series and /tags/delSeries
     Flag value can be read from the given file when using -deleteAuthKey=file:///abs/path/to/file or -deleteAuthKey=file://./relative/path/to/file . Flag value can be read from the given http/https url when using -deleteAuthKey=http://host/path or -deleteAuthKey=https://host/path
  -denyQueriesOutsideRetention
     Whether to deny queries outside the configured -retentionPeriod. When set, then /api/v1/query_range would return '503 Service Unavailable' error for queries with 'from' value outside -retentionPeriod. This may be useful when multiple data sources with distinct retentions are hidden behind query-tee
  -denyQueryTracing
     Whether to disable the ability to trace queries. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/#query-tracing
  -downsampling.period array
     Comma-separated downsampling periods in the format 'offset:period'. For example, '30d:10m' instructs to leave a single sample per 10 minutes for samples older than 30 days. When setting multiple downsampling periods, it is necessary for the periods to be multiples of each other. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/#downsampling for details. This flag is available only in VictoriaMetrics enterprise. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/enterprise/
     Supports an array of values separated by comma or specified via multiple flags.
     Value can contain comma inside single-quoted or double-quoted string, {}, [] and () braces.
  -dryRun
     Whether to check config files without running VictoriaMetrics. The following config files are checked: -promscrape.config, -relabelConfig and -streamAggr.config. Unknown config entries aren't allowed in -promscrape.config by default. This can be changed with -promscrape.config.strictParse=false command-line flag
  -enableTCP6
     Whether to enable IPv6 for listening and dialing. By default, only IPv4 TCP and UDP are used
  -envflag.enable
     Whether to enable reading flags from environment variables in addition to the command line. Command line flag values have priority over values from environment vars. Flags are read only from the command line if this flag isn't set. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/#environment-variables for more details
  -envflag.prefix string
     Prefix for environment variables if -envflag.enable is set
  -eula
     Deprecated, please use -license or -licenseFile flags instead. By specifying this flag, you confirm that you have an enterprise license and accept the ESA https://victoriametrics.com/legal/esa/ . This flag is available only in Enterprise binaries. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/enterprise/
  -filestream.disableFadvise
     Whether to disable fadvise() syscall when reading large data files. The fadvise() syscall prevents from eviction of recently accessed data from OS page cache during background merges and backups. In some rare cases it is better to disable the syscall if it uses too much CPU
  -finalMergeDelay duration
     Deprecated: this flag does nothing
  -flagsAuthKey value
     Auth key for /flags endpoint. It must be passed via authKey query arg. It overrides httpAuth.* settings
     Flag value can be read from the given file when using -flagsAuthKey=file:///abs/path/to/file or -flagsAuthKey=file://./relative/path/to/file . Flag value can be read from the given http/https url when using -flagsAuthKey=http://host/path or -flagsAuthKey=https://host/path
  -forceFlushAuthKey value
     authKey, which must be passed in query string to /internal/force_flush pages
     Flag value can be read from the given file when using -forceFlushAuthKey=file:///abs/path/to/file or -forceFlushAuthKey=file://./relative/path/to/file . Flag value can be read from the given http/https url when using -forceFlushAuthKey=http://host/path or -forceFlushAuthKey=https://host/path
  -forceMergeAuthKey value
     authKey, which must be passed in query string to /internal/force_merge pages
     Flag value can be read from the given file when using -forceMergeAuthKey=file:///abs/path/to/file or -forceMergeAuthKey=file://./relative/path/to/file . Flag value can be read from the given http/https url when using -forceMergeAuthKey=http://host/path or -forceMergeAuthKey=https://host/path
  -fs.disableMmap
     Whether to use pread() instead of mmap() for reading data files. By default, mmap() is used for 64-bit arches and pread() is used for 32-bit arches, since they cannot read data files bigger than 2^32 bytes in memory. mmap() is usually faster for reading small data chunks than pread()
  -graphiteListenAddr string
     TCP and UDP address to listen for Graphite plaintext data. Usually :2003 must be set. Doesn't work if empty. See also -graphiteListenAddr.useProxyProtocol
  -graphiteListenAddr.useProxyProtocol
     Whether to use proxy protocol for connections accepted at -graphiteListenAddr . See https://www.haproxy.org/download/1.8/doc/proxy-protocol.txt
  -graphiteTrimTimestamp duration
     Trim timestamps for Graphite data to this duration. Minimum practical duration is 1s. Higher duration (i.e. 1m) may be used for reducing disk space usage for timestamp data (default 1s)
  -http.connTimeout duration
     Incoming connections to -httpListenAddr are closed after the configured timeout. This may help evenly spreading load among a cluster of services behind TCP-level load balancer. Zero value disables closing of incoming connections (default 2m0s)
  -http.disableResponseCompression
     Disable compression of HTTP responses to save CPU resources. By default, compression is enabled to save network bandwidth
  -http.header.csp string
     Value for 'Content-Security-Policy' header, recommended: "default-src 'self'"
  -http.header.frameOptions string
     Value for 'X-Frame-Options' header
  -http.header.hsts string
     Value for 'Strict-Transport-Security' header, recommended: 'max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains'
  -http.idleConnTimeout duration
     Timeout for incoming idle http connections (default 1m0s)
  -http.maxGracefulShutdownDuration duration
     The maximum duration for a graceful shutdown of the HTTP server. A highly loaded server may require increased value for a graceful shutdown (default 7s)
  -http.pathPrefix string
     An optional prefix to add to all the paths handled by http server. For example, if '-http.pathPrefix=/foo/bar' is set, then all the http requests will be handled on '/foo/bar/*' paths. This may be useful for proxied requests. See https://www.robustperception.io/using-external-urls-and-proxies-with-prometheus
  -http.shutdownDelay duration
     Optional delay before http server shutdown. During this delay, the server returns non-OK responses from /health page, so load balancers can route new requests to other servers
  -httpAuth.password value
     Password for HTTP server's Basic Auth. The authentication is disabled if -httpAuth.username is empty
     Flag value can be read from the given file when using -httpAuth.password=file:///abs/path/to/file or -httpAuth.password=file://./relative/path/to/file . Flag value can be read from the given http/https url when using -httpAuth.password=http://host/path or -httpAuth.password=https://host/path
  -httpAuth.username string
     Username for HTTP server's Basic Auth. The authentication is disabled if empty. See also -httpAuth.password
  -httpListenAddr array
     TCP addresses to listen for incoming http requests. See also -tls and -httpListenAddr.useProxyProtocol
     Supports an array of values separated by comma or specified via multiple flags.
     Value can contain comma inside single-quoted or double-quoted string, {}, [] and () braces.
  -httpListenAddr.useProxyProtocol array
     Whether to use proxy protocol for connections accepted at the corresponding -httpListenAddr . See https://www.haproxy.org/download/1.8/doc/proxy-protocol.txt . With enabled proxy protocol http server cannot serve regular /metrics endpoint. Use -pushmetrics.url for metrics pushing
     Supports array of values separated by comma or specified via multiple flags.
     Empty values are set to false.
  -import.maxLineLen size
     The maximum length in bytes of a single line accepted by /api/v1/import; the line length can be limited with 'max_rows_per_line' query arg passed to /api/v1/export
     Supports the following optional suffixes for size values: KB, MB, GB, TB, KiB, MiB, GiB, TiB (default 10485760)
  -influx.databaseNames array
     Comma-separated list of database names to return from /query and /influx/query API. This can be needed for accepting data from Telegraf plugins such as https://github.com/fangli/fluent-plugin-influxdb
     Supports an array of values separated by comma or specified via multiple flags.
     Value can contain comma inside single-quoted or double-quoted string, {}, [] and () braces.
  -influx.maxLineSize size
     The maximum size in bytes for a single InfluxDB line during parsing
     Supports the following optional suffixes for size values: KB, MB, GB, TB, KiB, MiB, GiB, TiB (default 262144)
  -influxDBLabel string
     Default label for the DB name sent over '?db={db_name}' query parameter (default "db")
  -influxListenAddr string
     TCP and UDP address to listen for InfluxDB line protocol data. Usually :8089 must be set. Doesn't work if empty. This flag isn't needed when ingesting data over HTTP - just send it to http://<victoriametrics>:8428/write . See also -influxListenAddr.useProxyProtocol
  -influxListenAddr.useProxyProtocol
     Whether to use proxy protocol for connections accepted at -influxListenAddr . See https://www.haproxy.org/download/1.8/doc/proxy-protocol.txt
  -influxMeasurementFieldSeparator string
     Separator for '{measurement}{separator}{field_name}' metric name when inserted via InfluxDB line protocol (default "_")
  -influxSkipMeasurement
     Uses '{field_name}' as a metric name while ignoring '{measurement}' and '-influxMeasurementFieldSeparator'
  -influxSkipSingleField
     Uses '{measurement}' instead of '{measurement}{separator}{field_name}' for metric name if InfluxDB line contains only a single field
  -influxTrimTimestamp duration
     Trim timestamps for InfluxDB line protocol data to this duration. Minimum practical duration is 1ms. Higher duration (i.e. 1s) may be used for reducing disk space usage for timestamp data (default 1ms)
  -inmemoryDataFlushInterval duration
     The interval for guaranteed saving of in-memory data to disk. The saved data survives unclean shutdowns such as OOM crash, hardware reset, SIGKILL, etc. Bigger intervals may help increase the lifetime of flash storage with limited write cycles (e.g. Raspberry PI). Smaller intervals increase disk IO load. Minimum supported value is 1s (default 5s)
  -insert.maxQueueDuration duration
     The maximum duration to wait in the queue when -maxConcurrentInserts concurrent insert requests are executed (default 1m0s)
  -internStringCacheExpireDuration duration
     The expiry duration for caches for interned strings. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_interning . See also -internStringMaxLen and -internStringDisableCache (default 6m0s)
  -internStringDisableCache
     Whether to disable caches for interned strings. This may reduce memory usage at the cost of higher CPU usage. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_interning . See also -internStringCacheExpireDuration and -internStringMaxLen
  -internStringMaxLen int
     The maximum length for strings to intern. A lower limit may save memory at the cost of higher CPU usage. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_interning . See also -internStringDisableCache and -internStringCacheExpireDuration (default 500)
  -license string
     Lisense key for VictoriaMetrics Enterprise. See https://victoriametrics.com/products/enterprise/ . Trial Enterprise license can be obtained from https://victoriametrics.com/products/enterprise/trial/ . This flag is available only in Enterprise binaries. The license key can be also passed via file specified by -licenseFile command-line flag
  -license.forceOffline
     Whether to enable offline verification for VictoriaMetrics Enterprise license key, which has been passed either via -license or via -licenseFile command-line flag. The issued license key must support offline verification feature. Contact info@victoriametrics.com if you need offline license verification. This flag is avilable only in Enterprise binaries
  -licenseFile string
     Path to file with license key for VictoriaMetrics Enterprise. See https://victoriametrics.com/products/enterprise/ . Trial Enterprise license can be obtained from https://victoriametrics.com/products/enterprise/trial/ . This flag is available only in Enterprise binaries. The license key can be also passed inline via -license command-line flag
  -logNewSeries
     Whether to log new series. This option is for debug purposes only. It can lead to performance issues when big number of new series are ingested into VictoriaMetrics
  -loggerDisableTimestamps
     Whether to disable writing timestamps in logs
  -loggerErrorsPerSecondLimit int
     Per-second limit on the number of ERROR messages. If more than the given number of errors are emitted per second, the remaining errors are suppressed. Zero values disable the rate limit
  -loggerFormat string
     Format for logs. Possible values: default, json (default "default")
  -loggerJSONFields string
     Allows renaming fields in JSON formatted logs. Example: "ts:timestamp,msg:message" renames "ts" to "timestamp" and "msg" to "message". Supported fields: ts, level, caller, msg
  -loggerLevel string
     Minimum level of errors to log. Possible values: INFO, WARN, ERROR, FATAL, PANIC (default "INFO")
  -loggerMaxArgLen int
     The maximum length of a single logged argument. Longer arguments are replaced with 'arg_start..arg_end', where 'arg_start' and 'arg_end' is prefix and suffix of the arg with the length not exceeding -loggerMaxArgLen / 2 (default 1000)
  -loggerOutput string
     Output for the logs. Supported values: stderr, stdout (default "stderr")
  -loggerTimezone string
     Timezone to use for timestamps in logs. Timezone must be a valid IANA Time Zone. For example: America/New_York, Europe/Berlin, Etc/GMT+3 or Local (default "UTC")
  -loggerWarnsPerSecondLimit int
     Per-second limit on the number of WARN messages. If more than the given number of warns are emitted per second, then the remaining warns are suppressed. Zero values disable the rate limit
  -maxConcurrentInserts int
     The maximum number of concurrent insert requests. Set higher value when clients send data over slow networks. Default value depends on the number of available CPU cores. It should work fine in most cases since it minimizes resource usage. See also -insert.maxQueueDuration (default 32)
  -maxInsertRequestSize size
     The maximum size in bytes of a single Prometheus remote_write API request
     Supports the following optional suffixes for size values: KB, MB, GB, TB, KiB, MiB, GiB, TiB (default 33554432)
  -maxLabelValueLen int
     The maximum length of label values in the accepted time series. Longer label values are truncated. In this case the vm_too_long_label_values_total metric at /metrics page is incremented (default 16384)
  -maxLabelsPerTimeseries int
     The maximum number of labels accepted per time series. Superfluous labels are dropped. In this case the vm_metrics_with_dropped_labels_total metric at /metrics page is incremented (default 30)
  -memory.allowedBytes size
     Allowed size of system memory VictoriaMetrics caches may occupy. This option overrides -memory.allowedPercent if set to a non-zero value. Too low a value may increase the cache miss rate usually resulting in higher CPU and disk IO usage. Too high a value may evict too much data from the OS page cache resulting in higher disk IO usage
     Supports the following optional suffixes for size values: KB, MB, GB, TB, KiB, MiB, GiB, TiB (default 0)
  -memory.allowedPercent float
     Allowed percent of system memory VictoriaMetrics caches may occupy. See also -memory.allowedBytes. Too low a value may increase cache miss rate usually resulting in higher CPU and disk IO usage. Too high a value may evict too much data from the OS page cache which will result in higher disk IO usage (default 60)
  -metrics.exposeMetadata
     Whether to expose TYPE and HELP metadata at the /metrics page, which is exposed at -httpListenAddr . The metadata may be needed when the /metrics page is consumed by systems, which require this information. For example, Managed Prometheus in Google Cloud - https://cloud.google.com/stackdriver/docs/managed-prometheus/troubleshooting#missing-metric-type
  -metricsAuthKey value
     Auth key for /metrics endpoint. It must be passed via authKey query arg. It overrides httpAuth.* settings
     Flag value can be read from the given file when using -metricsAuthKey=file:///abs/path/to/file or -metricsAuthKey=file://./relative/path/to/file . Flag value can be read from the given http/https url when using -metricsAuthKey=http://host/path or -metricsAuthKey=https://host/path
  -mtls array
     Whether to require valid client certificate for https requests to the corresponding -httpListenAddr . This flag works only if -tls flag is set. See also -mtlsCAFile . This flag is available only in Enterprise binaries. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/enterprise/
     Supports array of values separated by comma or specified via multiple flags.
     Empty values are set to false.
  -mtlsCAFile array
     Optional path to TLS Root CA for verifying client certificates at the corresponding -httpListenAddr when -mtls is enabled. By default the host system TLS Root CA is used for client certificate verification. This flag is available only in Enterprise binaries. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/enterprise/
     Supports an array of values separated by comma or specified via multiple flags.
     Value can contain comma inside single-quoted or double-quoted string, {}, [] and () braces.
  -newrelic.maxInsertRequestSize size
     The maximum size in bytes of a single NewRelic request to /newrelic/infra/v2/metrics/events/bulk
     Supports the following optional suffixes for size values: KB, MB, GB, TB, KiB, MiB, GiB, TiB (default 67108864)
  -opentelemetry.usePrometheusNaming
     Whether to convert metric names and labels into Prometheus-compatible format for the metrics ingested via OpenTelemetry protocol; see https://docs.victoriametrics.com/#sending-data-via-opentelemetry
  -opentsdbHTTPListenAddr string
     TCP address to listen for OpenTSDB HTTP put requests. Usually :4242 must be set. Doesn't work if empty. See also -opentsdbHTTPListenAddr.useProxyProtocol
  -opentsdbHTTPListenAddr.useProxyProtocol
     Whether to use proxy protocol for connections accepted at -opentsdbHTTPListenAddr . See https://www.haproxy.org/download/1.8/doc/proxy-protocol.txt
  -opentsdbListenAddr string
     TCP and UDP address to listen for OpenTSDB metrics. Telnet put messages and HTTP /api/put messages are simultaneously served on TCP port. Usually :4242 must be set. Doesn't work if empty. See also -opentsdbListenAddr.useProxyProtocol
  -opentsdbListenAddr.useProxyProtocol
     Whether to use proxy protocol for connections accepted at -opentsdbListenAddr . See https://www.haproxy.org/download/1.8/doc/proxy-protocol.txt
  -opentsdbTrimTimestamp duration
     Trim timestamps for OpenTSDB 'telnet put' data to this duration. Minimum practical duration is 1s. Higher duration (i.e. 1m) may be used for reducing disk space usage for timestamp data (default 1s)
  -opentsdbhttp.maxInsertRequestSize size
     The maximum size of OpenTSDB HTTP put request
     Supports the following optional suffixes for size values: KB, MB, GB, TB, KiB, MiB, GiB, TiB (default 33554432)
  -opentsdbhttpTrimTimestamp duration
     Trim timestamps for OpenTSDB HTTP data to this duration. Minimum practical duration is 1ms. Higher duration (i.e. 1s) may be used for reducing disk space usage for timestamp data (default 1ms)
  -pprofAuthKey value
     Auth key for /debug/pprof/* endpoints. It must be passed via authKey query arg. It overrides httpAuth.* settings
     Flag value can be read from the given file when using -pprofAuthKey=file:///abs/path/to/file or -pprofAuthKey=file://./relative/path/to/file . Flag value can be read from the given http/https url when using -pprofAuthKey=http://host/path or -pprofAuthKey=https://host/path
  -precisionBits int
     The number of precision bits to store per each value. Lower precision bits improves data compression at the cost of precision loss (default 64)
  -prevCacheRemovalPercent float
     Items in the previous caches are removed when the percent of requests it serves becomes lower than this value. Higher values reduce memory usage at the cost of higher CPU usage. See also -cacheExpireDuration (default 0.1)
  -promscrape.azureSDCheckInterval duration
     Interval for checking for changes in Azure. This works only if azure_sd_configs is configured in '-promscrape.config' file. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/sd_configs/#azure_sd_configs for details (default 1m0s)
  -promscrape.cluster.memberLabel string
     If non-empty, then the label with this name and the -promscrape.cluster.memberNum value is added to all the scraped metrics. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmagent/#scraping-big-number-of-targets for more info
  -promscrape.cluster.memberNum string
     The number of vmagent instance in the cluster of scrapers. It must be a unique value in the range 0 ... promscrape.cluster.membersCount-1 across scrapers in the cluster. Can be specified as pod name of Kubernetes StatefulSet - pod-name-Num, where Num is a numeric part of pod name. See also -promscrape.cluster.memberLabel . See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmagent/#scraping-big-number-of-targets for more info (default "0")
  -promscrape.cluster.memberURLTemplate string
     An optional template for URL to access vmagent instance with the given -promscrape.cluster.memberNum value. Every %d occurrence in the template is substituted with -promscrape.cluster.memberNum at urls to vmagent instances responsible for scraping the given target at /service-discovery page. For example -promscrape.cluster.memberURLTemplate='http://vmagent-%d:8429/targets'. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmagent/#scraping-big-number-of-targets for more details
  -promscrape.cluster.membersCount int
     The number of members in a cluster of scrapers. Each member must have a unique -promscrape.cluster.memberNum in the range 0 ... promscrape.cluster.membersCount-1 . Each member then scrapes roughly 1/N of all the targets. By default, cluster scraping is disabled, i.e. a single scraper scrapes all the targets. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmagent/#scraping-big-number-of-targets for more info (default 1)
  -promscrape.cluster.name string
     Optional name of the cluster. If multiple vmagent clusters scrape the same targets, then each cluster must have unique name in order to properly de-duplicate samples received from these clusters. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmagent/#scraping-big-number-of-targets for more info
  -promscrape.cluster.replicationFactor int
     The number of members in the cluster, which scrape the same targets. If the replication factor is greater than 1, then the deduplication must be enabled at remote storage side. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmagent/#scraping-big-number-of-targets for more info (default 1)
  -promscrape.config string
     Optional path to Prometheus config file with 'scrape_configs' section containing targets to scrape. The path can point to local file and to http url. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/#how-to-scrape-prometheus-exporters-such-as-node-exporter for details
  -promscrape.config.dryRun
     Checks -promscrape.config file for errors and unsupported fields and then exits. Returns non-zero exit code on parsing errors and emits these errors to stderr. See also -promscrape.config.strictParse command-line flag. Pass -loggerLevel=ERROR if you don't need to see info messages in the output.
  -promscrape.config.strictParse
     Whether to deny unsupported fields in -promscrape.config . Set to false in order to silently skip unsupported fields (default true)
  -promscrape.configCheckInterval duration
     Interval for checking for changes in -promscrape.config file. By default, the checking is disabled. See how to reload -promscrape.config file at https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmagent/#configuration-update
  -promscrape.consul.waitTime duration
     Wait time used by Consul service discovery. Default value is used if not set
  -promscrape.consulSDCheckInterval duration
     Interval for checking for changes in Consul. This works only if consul_sd_configs is configured in '-promscrape.config' file. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/sd_configs/#consul_sd_configs for details (default 30s)
  -promscrape.consulagentSDCheckInterval duration
     Interval for checking for changes in Consul Agent. This works only if consulagent_sd_configs is configured in '-promscrape.config' file. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/sd_configs/#consulagent_sd_configs for details (default 30s)
  -promscrape.digitaloceanSDCheckInterval duration
     Interval for checking for changes in digital ocean. This works only if digitalocean_sd_configs is configured in '-promscrape.config' file. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/sd_configs/#digitalocean_sd_configs for details (default 1m0s)
  -promscrape.disableCompression
     Whether to disable sending 'Accept-Encoding: gzip' request headers to all the scrape targets. This may reduce CPU usage on scrape targets at the cost of higher network bandwidth utilization. It is possible to set 'disable_compression: true' individually per each 'scrape_config' section in '-promscrape.config' for fine-grained control
  -promscrape.disableKeepAlive
     Whether to disable HTTP keep-alive connections when scraping all the targets. This may be useful when targets has no support for HTTP keep-alive connection. It is possible to set 'disable_keepalive: true' individually per each 'scrape_config' section in '-promscrape.config' for fine-grained control. Note that disabling HTTP keep-alive may increase load on both vmagent and scrape targets
  -promscrape.discovery.concurrency int
     The maximum number of concurrent requests to Prometheus autodiscovery API (Consul, Kubernetes, etc.) (default 100)
  -promscrape.discovery.concurrentWaitTime duration
     The maximum duration for waiting to perform API requests if more than -promscrape.discovery.concurrency requests are simultaneously performed (default 1m0s)
  -promscrape.dnsSDCheckInterval duration
     Interval for checking for changes in dns. This works only if dns_sd_configs is configured in '-promscrape.config' file. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/sd_configs/#dns_sd_configs for details (default 30s)
  -promscrape.dockerSDCheckInterval duration
     Interval for checking for changes in docker. This works only if docker_sd_configs is configured in '-promscrape.config' file. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/sd_configs/#docker_sd_configs for details (default 30s)
  -promscrape.dockerswarmSDCheckInterval duration
     Interval for checking for changes in dockerswarm. This works only if dockerswarm_sd_configs is configured in '-promscrape.config' file. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/sd_configs/#dockerswarm_sd_configs for details (default 30s)
  -promscrape.dropOriginalLabels
     Whether to drop original labels for scrape targets at /targets and /api/v1/targets pages. This may be needed for reducing memory usage when original labels for big number of scrape targets occupy big amounts of memory. Note that this reduces debuggability for improper per-target relabeling configs
  -promscrape.ec2SDCheckInterval duration
     Interval for checking for changes in ec2. This works only if ec2_sd_configs is configured in '-promscrape.config' file. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/sd_configs/#ec2_sd_configs for details (default 1m0s)
  -promscrape.eurekaSDCheckInterval duration
     Interval for checking for changes in eureka. This works only if eureka_sd_configs is configured in '-promscrape.config' file. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/sd_configs/#eureka_sd_configs for details (default 30s)
  -promscrape.fileSDCheckInterval duration
     Interval for checking for changes in 'file_sd_config'. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/sd_configs/#file_sd_configs for details (default 1m0s)
  -promscrape.gceSDCheckInterval duration
     Interval for checking for changes in gce. This works only if gce_sd_configs is configured in '-promscrape.config' file. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/sd_configs/#gce_sd_configs for details (default 1m0s)
  -promscrape.hetznerSDCheckInterval duration
     Interval for checking for changes in Hetzner API. This works only if hetzner_sd_configs is configured in '-promscrape.config' file. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/sd_configs/#hetzner_sd_configs for details (default 1m0s)
  -promscrape.httpSDCheckInterval duration
     Interval for checking for changes in http endpoint service discovery. This works only if http_sd_configs is configured in '-promscrape.config' file. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/sd_configs/#http_sd_configs for details (default 1m0s)
  -promscrape.kubernetes.apiServerTimeout duration
     How frequently to reload the full state from Kubernetes API server (default 30m0s)
  -promscrape.kubernetes.attachNodeMetadataAll
     Whether to set attach_metadata.node=true for all the kubernetes_sd_configs at -promscrape.config . It is possible to set attach_metadata.node=false individually per each kubernetes_sd_configs . See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/sd_configs/#kubernetes_sd_configs
  -promscrape.kubernetesSDCheckInterval duration
     Interval for checking for changes in Kubernetes API server. This works only if kubernetes_sd_configs is configured in '-promscrape.config' file. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/sd_configs/#kubernetes_sd_configs for details (default 30s)
  -promscrape.kumaSDCheckInterval duration
     Interval for checking for changes in kuma service discovery. This works only if kuma_sd_configs is configured in '-promscrape.config' file. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/sd_configs/#kuma_sd_configs for details (default 30s)
  -promscrape.maxDroppedTargets int
     The maximum number of droppedTargets to show at /api/v1/targets page. Increase this value if your setup drops more scrape targets during relabeling and you need investigating labels for all the dropped targets. Note that the increased number of tracked dropped targets may result in increased memory usage (default 1000)
  -promscrape.maxResponseHeadersSize size
     The maximum size of http response headers from Prometheus scrape targets
     Supports the following optional suffixes for size values: KB, MB, GB, TB, KiB, MiB, GiB, TiB (default 4096)
  -promscrape.maxScrapeSize size
     The maximum size of scrape response in bytes to process from Prometheus targets. Bigger responses are rejected
     Supports the following optional suffixes for size values: KB, MB, GB, TB, KiB, MiB, GiB, TiB (default 16777216)
  -promscrape.minResponseSizeForStreamParse size
     The minimum target response size for automatic switching to stream parsing mode, which can reduce memory usage. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmagent/#stream-parsing-mode
     Supports the following optional suffixes for size values: KB, MB, GB, TB, KiB, MiB, GiB, TiB (default 1000000)
  -promscrape.noStaleMarkers
     Whether to disable sending Prometheus stale markers for metrics when scrape target disappears. This option may reduce memory usage if stale markers aren't needed for your setup. This option also disables populating the scrape_series_added metric. See https://prometheus.io/docs/concepts/jobs_instances/#automatically-generated-labels-and-time-series
  -promscrape.nomad.waitTime duration
     Wait time used by Nomad service discovery. Default value is used if not set
  -promscrape.nomadSDCheckInterval duration
     Interval for checking for changes in Nomad. This works only if nomad_sd_configs is configured in '-promscrape.config' file. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/sd_configs/#nomad_sd_configs for details (default 30s)
  -promscrape.openstackSDCheckInterval duration
     Interval for checking for changes in openstack API server. This works only if openstack_sd_configs is configured in '-promscrape.config' file. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/sd_configs/#openstack_sd_configs for details (default 30s)
  -promscrape.seriesLimitPerTarget int
     Optional limit on the number of unique time series a single scrape target can expose. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmagent/#cardinality-limiter for more info
  -promscrape.streamParse
     Whether to enable stream parsing for metrics obtained from scrape targets. This may be useful for reducing memory usage when millions of metrics are exposed per each scrape target. It is possible to set 'stream_parse: true' individually per each 'scrape_config' section in '-promscrape.config' for fine-grained control
  -promscrape.suppressDuplicateScrapeTargetErrors
     Whether to suppress 'duplicate scrape target' errors; see https://docs.victoriametrics.com/vmagent/#troubleshooting for details
  -promscrape.suppressScrapeErrors
     Whether to suppress scrape errors logging. The last error for each target is always available at '/targets' page even if scrape errors logging is suppressed. See also -promscrape.suppressScrapeErrorsDelay
  -promscrape.suppressScrapeErrorsDelay duration
     The delay for suppressing repeated scrape errors logging per each scrape targets. This may be used for reducing the number of log lines related to scrape errors. See also -promscrape.suppressScrapeErrors
  -promscrape.yandexcloudSDCheckInterval duration
     Interval for checking for changes in Yandex Cloud API. This works only if yandexcloud_sd_configs is configured in '-promscrape.config' file. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/sd_configs/#yandexcloud_sd_configs for details (default 30s)
  -pushmetrics.disableCompression
     Whether to disable request body compression when pushing metrics to every -pushmetrics.url
  -pushmetrics.extraLabel array
     Optional labels to add to metrics pushed to every -pushmetrics.url . For example, -pushmetrics.extraLabel='instance="foo"' adds instance="foo" label to all the metrics pushed to every -pushmetrics.url
     Supports an array of values separated by comma or specified via multiple flags.
     Value can contain comma inside single-quoted or double-quoted string, {}, [] and () braces.
  -pushmetrics.header array
     Optional HTTP request header to send to every -pushmetrics.url . For example, -pushmetrics.header='Authorization: Basic foobar' adds 'Authorization: Basic foobar' header to every request to every -pushmetrics.url
     Supports an array of values separated by comma or specified via multiple flags.
     Value can contain comma inside single-quoted or double-quoted string, {}, [] and () braces.
  -pushmetrics.interval duration
     Interval for pushing metrics to every -pushmetrics.url (default 10s)
  -pushmetrics.url array
     Optional URL to push metrics exposed at /metrics page. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/#push-metrics . By default, metrics exposed at /metrics page aren't pushed to any remote storage
     Supports an array of values separated by comma or specified via multiple flags.
     Value can contain comma inside single-quoted or double-quoted string, {}, [] and () braces.
  -relabelConfig string
     Optional path to a file with relabeling rules, which are applied to all the ingested metrics. The path can point either to local file or to http url. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/#relabeling for details. The config is reloaded on SIGHUP signal
  -reloadAuthKey value
     Auth key for /-/reload http endpoint. It must be passed as authKey=...
     Flag value can be read from the given file when using -reloadAuthKey=file:///abs/path/to/file or -reloadAuthKey=file://./relative/path/to/file . Flag value can be read from the given http/https url when using -reloadAuthKey=http://host/path or -reloadAuthKey=https://host/path
  -retentionFilter array
     Retention filter in the format 'filter:retention'. For example, '{env="dev"}:3d' configures the retention for time series with env="dev" label to 3 days. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/#retention-filters for details. This flag is available only in VictoriaMetrics enterprise. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/enterprise/
     Supports an array of values separated by comma or specified via multiple flags.
     Value can contain comma inside single-quoted or double-quoted string, {}, [] and () braces.
  -retentionPeriod value
     Data with timestamps outside the retentionPeriod is automatically deleted. The minimum retentionPeriod is 24h or 1d. See also -retentionFilter
     The following optional suffixes are supported: s (second), m (minute), h (hour), d (day), w (week), y (year). If suffix isn't set, then the duration is counted in months (default 1)
  -retentionTimezoneOffset duration
     The offset for performing indexdb rotation. If set to 0, then the indexdb rotation is performed at 4am UTC time per each -retentionPeriod. If set to 2h, then the indexdb rotation is performed at 4am EET time (the timezone with +2h offset)
  -search.cacheTimestampOffset duration
     The maximum duration since the current time for response data, which is always queried from the original raw data, without using the response cache. Increase this value if you see gaps in responses due to time synchronization issues between VictoriaMetrics and data sources. See also -search.disableAutoCacheReset (default 5m0s)
  -search.disableAutoCacheReset
     Whether to disable automatic response cache reset if a sample with timestamp outside -search.cacheTimestampOffset is inserted into VictoriaMetrics
  -search.disableCache
     Whether to disable response caching. This may be useful when ingesting historical data. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/#backfilling . See also -search.resetRollupResultCacheOnStartup
  -search.graphiteMaxPointsPerSeries int
     The maximum number of points per series Graphite render API can return (default 1000000)
  -search.graphiteStorageStep duration
     The interval between datapoints stored in the database. It is used at Graphite Render API handler for normalizing the interval between datapoints in case it isn't normalized. It can be overridden by sending 'storage_step' query arg to /render API or by sending the desired interval via 'Storage-Step' http header during querying /render API (default 10s)
  -search.ignoreExtraFiltersAtLabelsAPI
     Whether to ignore match[], extra_filters[] and extra_label query args at /api/v1/labels and /api/v1/label/.../values . This may be useful for decreasing load on VictoriaMetrics when extra filters match too many time series. The downside is that suprflouos labels or series could be returned, which do not match the extra filters. See also -search.maxLabelsAPISeries and -search.maxLabelsAPIDuration
  -search.latencyOffset duration
     The time when data points become visible in query results after the collection. It can be overridden on per-query basis via latency_offset arg. Too small value can result in incomplete last points for query results (default 30s)
  -search.logQueryMemoryUsage size
     Log query and increment vm_memory_intensive_queries_total metric each time the query requires more memory than specified by this flag. This may help detecting and optimizing heavy queries. Query logging is disabled by default. See also -search.logSlowQueryDuration and -search.maxMemoryPerQuery
     Supports the following optional suffixes for size values: KB, MB, GB, TB, KiB, MiB, GiB, TiB (default 0)
  -search.logSlowQueryDuration duration
     Log queries with execution time exceeding this value. Zero disables slow query logging. See also -search.logQueryMemoryUsage (default 5s)
  -search.maxConcurrentRequests int
     The maximum number of concurrent search requests. It shouldn't be high, since a single request can saturate all the CPU cores, while many concurrently executed requests may require high amounts of memory. See also -search.maxQueueDuration and -search.maxMemoryPerQuery (default 16)
  -search.maxExportDuration duration
     The maximum duration for /api/v1/export call (default 720h0m0s)
  -search.maxExportSeries int
     The maximum number of time series, which can be returned from /api/v1/export* APIs. This option allows limiting memory usage (default 10000000)
  -search.maxFederateSeries int
     The maximum number of time series, which can be returned from /federate. This option allows limiting memory usage (default 1000000)
  -search.maxGraphiteSeries int
     The maximum number of time series, which can be scanned during queries to Graphite Render API. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/#graphite-render-api-usage (default 300000)
  -search.maxGraphiteTagKeys int
     The maximum number of tag keys returned from Graphite API, which returns tags. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/#graphite-tags-api-usage (default 100000)
  -search.maxGraphiteTagValues int
     The maximum number of tag values returned from Graphite API, which returns tag values. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/#graphite-tags-api-usage (default 100000)
  -search.maxLabelsAPIDuration duration
     The maximum duration for /api/v1/labels, /api/v1/label/.../values and /api/v1/series requests. See also -search.maxLabelsAPISeries and -search.ignoreExtraFiltersAtLabelsAPI (default 5s)
  -search.maxLabelsAPISeries int
     The maximum number of time series, which could be scanned when searching for the the matching time series at /api/v1/labels and /api/v1/label/.../values. This option allows limiting memory usage and CPU usage. See also -search.maxLabelsAPIDuration, -search.maxTagKeys, -search.maxTagValues and -search.ignoreExtraFiltersAtLabelsAPI (default 1000000)
  -search.maxLookback duration
     Synonym to -search.lookback-delta from Prometheus. The value is dynamically detected from interval between time series datapoints if not set. It can be overridden on per-query basis via max_lookback arg. See also '-search.maxStalenessInterval' flag, which has the same meaning due to historical reasons
  -search.maxMemoryPerQuery size
     The maximum amounts of memory a single query may consume. Queries requiring more memory are rejected. The total memory limit for concurrently executed queries can be estimated as -search.maxMemoryPerQuery multiplied by -search.maxConcurrentRequests . See also -search.logQueryMemoryUsage
     Supports the following optional suffixes for size values: KB, MB, GB, TB, KiB, MiB, GiB, TiB (default 0)
  -search.maxPointsPerTimeseries int
     The maximum points per a single timeseries returned from /api/v1/query_range. This option doesn't limit the number of scanned raw samples in the database. The main purpose of this option is to limit the number of per-series points returned to graphing UI such as VMUI or Grafana. There is no sense in setting this limit to values bigger than the horizontal resolution of the graph. See also -search.maxResponseSeries (default 30000)
  -search.maxPointsSubqueryPerTimeseries int
     The maximum number of points per series, which can be generated by subquery. See https://valyala.medium.com/prometheus-subqueries-in-victoriametrics-9b1492b720b3 (default 100000)
  -search.maxQueryDuration duration
     The maximum duration for query execution (default 30s)
  -search.maxQueryLen size
     The maximum search query length in bytes
     Supports the following optional suffixes for size values: KB, MB, GB, TB, KiB, MiB, GiB, TiB (default 16384)
  -search.maxQueueDuration duration
     The maximum time the request waits for execution when -search.maxConcurrentRequests limit is reached; see also -search.maxQueryDuration (default 10s)
  -search.maxResponseSeries int
     The maximum number of time series which can be returned from /api/v1/query and /api/v1/query_range . The limit is disabled if it equals to 0. See also -search.maxPointsPerTimeseries and -search.maxUniqueTimeseries
  -search.maxSamplesPerQuery int
     The maximum number of raw samples a single query can process across all time series. This protects from heavy queries, which select unexpectedly high number of raw samples. See also -search.maxSamplesPerSeries (default 1000000000)
  -search.maxSamplesPerSeries int
     The maximum number of raw samples a single query can scan per each time series. This option allows limiting memory usage (default 30000000)
  -search.maxSeries int
     The maximum number of time series, which can be returned from /api/v1/series. This option allows limiting memory usage (default 30000)
  -search.maxSeriesPerAggrFunc int
     The maximum number of time series an aggregate MetricsQL function can generate (default 1000000)
  -search.maxStalenessInterval duration
     The maximum interval for staleness calculations. By default, it is automatically calculated from the median interval between samples. This flag could be useful for tuning Prometheus data model closer to Influx-style data model. See https://prometheus.io/docs/prometheus/latest/querying/basics/#staleness for details. See also '-search.setLookbackToStep' flag
  -search.maxStatusRequestDuration duration
     The maximum duration for /api/v1/status/* requests (default 5m0s)
  -search.maxStepForPointsAdjustment duration
     The maximum step when /api/v1/query_range handler adjusts points with timestamps closer than -search.latencyOffset to the current time. The adjustment is needed because such points may contain incomplete data (default 1m0s)
  -search.maxTSDBStatusSeries int
     The maximum number of time series, which can be processed during the call to /api/v1/status/tsdb. This option allows limiting memory usage (default 10000000)
  -search.maxTagKeys int
     The maximum number of tag keys returned from /api/v1/labels . See also -search.maxLabelsAPISeries and -search.maxLabelsAPIDuration (default 100000)
  -search.maxTagValueSuffixesPerSearch int
     The maximum number of tag value suffixes returned from /metrics/find (default 100000)
  -search.maxTagValues int
     The maximum number of tag values returned from /api/v1/label/<label_name>/values . See also -search.maxLabelsAPISeries and -search.maxLabelsAPIDuration (default 100000)
  -search.maxUniqueTimeseries int
     The maximum number of unique time series, which can be selected during /api/v1/query and /api/v1/query_range queries. This option allows limiting memory usage (default 300000)
  -search.maxWorkersPerQuery int
     The maximum number of CPU cores a single query can use. The default value should work good for most cases. The flag can be set to lower values for improving performance of big number of concurrently executed queries. The flag can be set to bigger values for improving performance of heavy queries, which scan big number of time series (>10K) and/or big number of samples (>100M). There is no sense in setting this flag to values bigger than the number of CPU cores available on the system (default 16)
  -search.minStalenessInterval duration
     The minimum interval for staleness calculations. This flag could be useful for removing gaps on graphs generated from time series with irregular intervals between samples. See also '-search.maxStalenessInterval'
  -search.minWindowForInstantRollupOptimization value
     Enable cache-based optimization for repeated queries to /api/v1/query (aka instant queries), which contain rollup functions with lookbehind window exceeding the given value
     The following optional suffixes are supported: s (second), m (minute), h (hour), d (day), w (week), y (year). If suffix isn't set, then the duration is counted in months (default 3h)
  -search.noStaleMarkers
     Set this flag to true if the database doesn't contain Prometheus stale markers, so there is no need in spending additional CPU time on its handling. Staleness markers may exist only in data obtained from Prometheus scrape targets
  -search.queryStats.lastQueriesCount int
     Query stats for /api/v1/status/top_queries is tracked on this number of last queries. Zero value disables query stats tracking (default 20000)
  -search.queryStats.minQueryDuration duration
     The minimum duration for queries to track in query stats at /api/v1/status/top_queries. Queries with lower duration are ignored in query stats (default 1ms)
  -search.resetCacheAuthKey value
     Optional authKey for resetting rollup cache via /internal/resetRollupResultCache call
     Flag value can be read from the given file when using -search.resetCacheAuthKey=file:///abs/path/to/file or -search.resetCacheAuthKey=file://./relative/path/to/file . Flag value can be read from the given http/https url when using -search.resetCacheAuthKey=http://host/path or -search.resetCacheAuthKey=https://host/path
  -search.resetRollupResultCacheOnStartup
     Whether to reset rollup result cache on startup. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/#rollup-result-cache . See also -search.disableCache
  -search.setLookbackToStep
     Whether to fix lookback interval to 'step' query arg value. If set to true, the query model becomes closer to InfluxDB data model. If set to true, then -search.maxLookback and -search.maxStalenessInterval are ignored
  -search.treatDotsAsIsInRegexps
     Whether to treat dots as is in regexp label filters used in queries. For example, foo{bar=~"a.b.c"} will be automatically converted to foo{bar=~"a\\.b\\.c"}, i.e. all the dots in regexp filters will be automatically escaped in order to match only dot char instead of matching any char. Dots in ".+", ".*" and ".{n}" regexps aren't escaped. This option is DEPRECATED in favor of {__graphite__="a.*.c"} syntax for selecting metrics matching the given Graphite metrics filter
  -selfScrapeInstance string
     Value for 'instance' label, which is added to self-scraped metrics (default "self")
  -selfScrapeInterval duration
     Interval for self-scraping own metrics at /metrics page
  -selfScrapeJob string
     Value for 'job' label, which is added to self-scraped metrics (default "victoria-metrics")
  -smallMergeConcurrency int
     Deprecated: this flag does nothing
  -snapshotAuthKey value
     authKey, which must be passed in query string to /snapshot* pages
     Flag value can be read from the given file when using -snapshotAuthKey=file:///abs/path/to/file or -snapshotAuthKey=file://./relative/path/to/file . Flag value can be read from the given http/https url when using -snapshotAuthKey=http://host/path or -snapshotAuthKey=https://host/path
  -snapshotCreateTimeout duration
     Deprecated: this flag does nothing
  -snapshotsMaxAge value
     Automatically delete snapshots older than -snapshotsMaxAge if it is set to non-zero duration. Make sure that backup process has enough time to finish the backup before the corresponding snapshot is automatically deleted
     The following optional suffixes are supported: s (second), m (minute), h (hour), d (day), w (week), y (year). If suffix isn't set, then the duration is counted in months (default 0)
  -sortLabels
     Whether to sort labels for incoming samples before writing them to storage. This may be needed for reducing memory usage at storage when the order of labels in incoming samples is random. For example, if m{k1="v1",k2="v2"} may be sent as m{k2="v2",k1="v1"}. Enabled sorting for labels can slow down ingestion performance a bit
  -storage.cacheSizeIndexDBDataBlocks size
     Overrides max size for indexdb/dataBlocks cache. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/single-server-victoriametrics/#cache-tuning
     Supports the following optional suffixes for size values: KB, MB, GB, TB, KiB, MiB, GiB, TiB (default 0)
  -storage.cacheSizeIndexDBIndexBlocks size
     Overrides max size for indexdb/indexBlocks cache. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/single-server-victoriametrics/#cache-tuning
     Supports the following optional suffixes for size values: KB, MB, GB, TB, KiB, MiB, GiB, TiB (default 0)
  -storage.cacheSizeIndexDBTagFilters size
     Overrides max size for indexdb/tagFiltersToMetricIDs cache. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/single-server-victoriametrics/#cache-tuning
     Supports the following optional suffixes for size values: KB, MB, GB, TB, KiB, MiB, GiB, TiB (default 0)
  -storage.cacheSizeStorageTSID size
     Overrides max size for storage/tsid cache. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/single-server-victoriametrics/#cache-tuning
     Supports the following optional suffixes for size values: KB, MB, GB, TB, KiB, MiB, GiB, TiB (default 0)
  -storage.maxDailySeries int
     The maximum number of unique series can be added to the storage during the last 24 hours. Excess series are logged and dropped. This can be useful for limiting series churn rate. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/#cardinality-limiter . See also -storage.maxHourlySeries
  -storage.maxHourlySeries int
     The maximum number of unique series can be added to the storage during the last hour. Excess series are logged and dropped. This can be useful for limiting series cardinality. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/#cardinality-limiter . See also -storage.maxDailySeries
  -storage.minFreeDiskSpaceBytes size
     The minimum free disk space at -storageDataPath after which the storage stops accepting new data
     Supports the following optional suffixes for size values: KB, MB, GB, TB, KiB, MiB, GiB, TiB (default 10000000)
  -storageDataPath string
     Path to storage data (default "victoria-metrics-data")
  -streamAggr.config string
     Optional path to file with stream aggregation config. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/stream-aggregation/ . See also -streamAggr.keepInput, -streamAggr.dropInput and -streamAggr.dedupInterval
  -streamAggr.dedupInterval duration
     Input samples are de-duplicated with this interval before optional aggregation with -streamAggr.config . See also -streamAggr.dropInputLabels and -dedup.minScrapeInterval and https://docs.victoriametrics.com/stream-aggregation/#deduplication
  -streamAggr.dropInput
     Whether to drop all the input samples after the aggregation with -streamAggr.config. By default, only aggregated samples are dropped, while the remaining samples are stored in the database. See also -streamAggr.keepInput and https://docs.victoriametrics.com/stream-aggregation/
  -streamAggr.dropInputLabels array
     An optional list of labels to drop from samples before stream de-duplication and aggregation . See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/stream-aggregation/#dropping-unneeded-labels
     Supports an array of values separated by comma or specified via multiple flags.
     Value can contain comma inside single-quoted or double-quoted string, {}, [] and () braces.
  -streamAggr.ignoreFirstIntervals int
     Number of aggregation intervals to skip after the start. Increase this value if you observe incorrect aggregation results after restarts. It could be caused by receiving unordered delayed data from clients pushing data into the database. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/stream-aggregation/#ignore-aggregation-intervals-on-start
  -streamAggr.ignoreOldSamples
     Whether to ignore input samples with old timestamps outside the current aggregation interval. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/stream-aggregation/#ignoring-old-samples
  -streamAggr.keepInput
     Whether to keep all the input samples after the aggregation with -streamAggr.config. By default, only aggregated samples are dropped, while the remaining samples are stored in the database. See also -streamAggr.dropInput and https://docs.victoriametrics.com/stream-aggregation/
  -tls array
     Whether to enable TLS for incoming HTTP requests at the given -httpListenAddr (aka https). -tlsCertFile and -tlsKeyFile must be set if -tls is set. See also -mtls
     Supports array of values separated by comma or specified via multiple flags.
     Empty values are set to false.
  -tlsAutocertCacheDir string
     Directory to store TLS certificates issued via Let's Encrypt. Certificates are lost on restarts if this flag isn't set. This flag is available only in Enterprise binaries. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/enterprise/
  -tlsAutocertEmail string
     Contact email for the issued Let's Encrypt TLS certificates. See also -tlsAutocertHosts and -tlsAutocertCacheDir .This flag is available only in Enterprise binaries. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/enterprise/
  -tlsAutocertHosts array
     Optional hostnames for automatic issuing of Let's Encrypt TLS certificates. These hostnames must be reachable at -httpListenAddr . The -httpListenAddr must listen tcp port 443 . The -tlsAutocertHosts overrides -tlsCertFile and -tlsKeyFile . See also -tlsAutocertEmail and -tlsAutocertCacheDir . This flag is available only in Enterprise binaries. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/enterprise/
     Supports an array of values separated by comma or specified via multiple flags.
     Value can contain comma inside single-quoted or double-quoted string, {}, [] and () braces.
  -tlsCertFile array
     Path to file with TLS certificate for the corresponding -httpListenAddr if -tls is set. Prefer ECDSA certs instead of RSA certs as RSA certs are slower. The provided certificate file is automatically re-read every second, so it can be dynamically updated. See also -tlsAutocertHosts
     Supports an array of values separated by comma or specified via multiple flags.
     Value can contain comma inside single-quoted or double-quoted string, {}, [] and () braces.
  -tlsCipherSuites array
     Optional list of TLS cipher suites for incoming requests over HTTPS if -tls is set. See the list of supported cipher suites at https://pkg.go.dev/crypto/tls#pkg-constants
     Supports an array of values separated by comma or specified via multiple flags.
     Value can contain comma inside single-quoted or double-quoted string, {}, [] and () braces.
  -tlsKeyFile array
     Path to file with TLS key for the corresponding -httpListenAddr if -tls is set. The provided key file is automatically re-read every second, so it can be dynamically updated. See also -tlsAutocertHosts
     Supports an array of values separated by comma or specified via multiple flags.
     Value can contain comma inside single-quoted or double-quoted string, {}, [] and () braces.
  -tlsMinVersion array
     Optional minimum TLS version to use for the corresponding -httpListenAddr if -tls is set. Supported values: TLS10, TLS11, TLS12, TLS13
     Supports an array of values separated by comma or specified via multiple flags.
     Value can contain comma inside single-quoted or double-quoted string, {}, [] and () braces.
  -usePromCompatibleNaming
     Whether to replace characters unsupported by Prometheus with underscores in the ingested metric names and label names. For example, foo.bar{a.b='c'} is transformed into foo_bar{a_b='c'} during data ingestion if this flag is set. See https://prometheus.io/docs/concepts/data_model/#metric-names-and-labels
  -version
     Show VictoriaMetrics version
  -vmalert.proxyURL string
     Optional URL for proxying requests to vmalert. For example, if -vmalert.proxyURL=http://vmalert:8880 , then alerting API requests such as /api/v1/rules from Grafana will be proxied to http://vmalert:8880/api/v1/rules
  -vmui.customDashboardsPath string
     Optional path to vmui dashboards. See https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/tree/master/app/vmui/packages/vmui/public/dashboards
  -vmui.defaultTimezone string
     The default timezone to be used in vmui. Timezone must be a valid IANA Time Zone. For example: America/New_York, Europe/Berlin, Etc/GMT+3 or Local
```
